The study was conducted due to the fact that there is not enough data on the topic in Turkey, where having a child brings status to women, and the related literature includes no qualitative studies about the effects of infertility on marital relationship (MR) and Quality of Life (QoL). Qualitative research in which 16 people who received successful infertility treatment received in-depth interviews, and data collected retrospectively. Infertility has negative effects on MR and QoL. In the marital relation category, four themes emerged from the answers given: (1) Separation-divorce; (2) Treatment phase and husband's reaction, support after unsuccessful treatment; (3) MR after the delivery; (4) significance of child in marriage. It was identified that infertility, regardless of which gender experiences it, brought along many problems such as unhappiness, stress, sorrow, insomnia, increase/decrease in appetite, increase in the smoking habit, social stigmatization, being exposed to curious questions about having a child, avoiding being in places with children, losing privacy of sexual life, having sexual intercourse in a planned way solely for the purpose of reproduction not of pleasure, deterioration in family relations, interruption in work life, and high cost of treatment expenses. Infertility and its treatment have effects on MR and QoL. These effects varied depending on the stage of infertility process, gender, and the quality of the relationship.

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Introduction: Turkey is the first and only Islamic country which has initiated a process to establish a milk bank. However, the effort was abandoned because of religious concerns. Informal breast milk sharing has become a practical alternative to some. Research Aims: To document the religious concerned views and attitudes toward breast milk sharing and to determine risk reduction strategies of mothers in an Islamic country. Materials and Methods: Participants comprised volunteers from relevant forums or members of social media groups on the Internet. The participants (n = 435) were divided into three groups: those who did not share milk (n = 371), donors (n = 48), and receivers (n = 16). A prepared questionnaire was used for each group as a data collection tool. Results: 14.7% of the participants were experienced in informal milk sharing. Seventy-five percent of the recipients and 85.4% of the donors did not enter into a written agreement. Religious rules on milk sharing were reflected in three ways: asking about the infant's gender, limiting the number of sharing parties to 3, and knowing the identity of the donor or recipient. Of the participants, 77.3% believed that it was necessary to establish a milk bank in Turkey. However, 19.5% of the respondents reported that they would not feed their infant with donor milk because of reasons related to the issue of ''milk kinship'' in Islam. Conclusions: Informal milk sharing is a reality and risks similar to those stated in the literature are undertaken. Milk sharing is frequently performed independent of religious concerns and commercial purposes, Comprehensive measures to minimize disease transmission are not routinely implemented.

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The inadequacy experienced in maintaining breastfeeding was tried to be understood within the framework of Meleis' theory, and its relationship with growth spurts and postpartum depression was attempted to be revealed. Design and Methods:The study was planned in a case-control type web-based descriptive research design. Mothers (n = 572), who thought that they experienced breastfeeding problems, constituted the case group of the study, and mothers (n = 524), who thought that they did not experience breastfeeding problems, constituted the control group.Findings: A statistically significant relationship was found between the case and control groups in terms of growth spurts and depression risk.Practice Implications: It is recommended to determine mothers' mood changes and breastfeeding problems they experience on the first postpartum days, to provide counseling to them.

Günümüzde obstetri alanında annelerin en doğal ortam ve koşullarda normal vaginal doğuma yönlendirilmesi, anne-bebek bağlanmasının henüz intrauterin dönemdeyken başlatılması ve süreç boyunca güçlendirilmesi ve emzirme gibi konularda doğal yöntemler önem kazanmaktadır. Obstetri alanında çalışan sağlık personelinin doğum sonu dönemde yeni doğanı anne göğsüne yatırarak emzirmeyi teşvik etmesi anne ve bebek etkileşimini en kısa zamanda başlatması gerekmektedir. Bu derleme ebeler ve kadın sağlığı hemşireleri olmak üzere doğumla ilgili tüm alanlarda çalışan sağlık çalışanlarını doğum sonu dönemdeki doğal uygulamalardan olan memeye emekleme ve kanguru bakımı hakkında bilgilendirmek; biyolojik beslenme felsefesi ile tanıştırmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Sağlık çalışanlarına bu bilgileri uygulamalarına aktarmaları, doğumdan hemen sonra yenidoğanı anne göğsüne yatırarak, klinik ortamda mümkün olan en fazla sürede tensel teması sağlamaları, anneleri arkaya yaslanarak bebeklerini emzirmeye teşvik etmeleri önerilmektedir.

Aim: The study aimed to identify risk factors for urinary incontinence in women over 20 years of age in Istanbul. Design: The study was designed as a descriptive, retrospective, case control study. Methods: The study was conducted in a urogynecological unit at a university hospital in Istanbul. In total, 367 incontinent women who visited the urogynecological unit, and 401 continent women who visited outpatient clinics with other gynecological symptoms were included. Data were gathered via face-to-face interviews, using a questionnaire on risk factors for urinary incontinence. Adjusted odds ratios were given using logistic regression. Results: Variables which were found to be significantly different in chi-square analysis for urinary incontinence were age, education, marital status, number of pregnancies, birth and curettage, characteristics of first vaginal delivery (delivery mode, place, interventions), menopause, hormone therapy, history of gynecological operation, pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, medicine use, constipation, flatus, hemorrhoids, herniated disc/varicose veins, stria during pregnancy, caffeine > 2 cups/day, body mass index (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ), weight gain ≥ 10 kg, fecal incontinence, and history of urinary incontinence in childhood, in patients' mothers and relatives. When these variables were assessed in multivariate logistic regression analysis, number of births ("1-birth" OR = 38.8; CI = 2.2-669.5; "2-births" OR = 20.1; CI = 1.2-327.4; "≥ 3-births" OR = 35.0; CI = 1.9-621.8), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 (OR = 7.2; CI = 2.1-24.1), and history of incontinence in mothers (OR = 7.2; CI = 1.3-37.2) were identified as significant risk factors. Conclusion: The main risk factors for urinary incontinence in the population under study were identified to be the number of births as an obstetric risk factor, obesity as a lifestyle factor, and 'incontinence in mothers' as a familial factor.