Bozcaada which is a province of Çanakkale, Turkey, is located between the 390 48 north parallel and 260 east meridians. The largest livelihood of Bozcaada is viticulture. Therefore, in our study, microbial load, and mould diversity of the Çavuş (table) and Karalahna (wine) grapes which are endemic to the island were evaluated, and ochratoxin production potentials of Aspergillus isolates were investigated by HPLC. A total of 6 vineyards with Çavuş and Karalahna grapes were sampled in 2015 and 2016. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria count of grapes ranged between 0.00 and 4.21 log CFU/g, yeast load between 0.00 and 2.66 log CFU/g and mould load between 1.67 and 3.20 log CFU/g. A total of 2264 mould isolates were taken from samples. All isolates were identified at the genus level. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. were the most isolated species in 2015, while Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp. were the most isolated species in 2016. It was determined that 13.78% (312) of the isolates were Aspergillus spp., 54 of these isolates, have been selected and identified at the species level. Twenty-one of the black Aspergillus isolates were identified as A. niger / A. acidus, twenty-four of them were A. carbonarius and one of them is A. ibericus. The two white isolates were found to be A. candidus, the creamy brownish-spore forming isolate was A. terreus, and three green isolates were identified as A. flavus, A. calidoustus and A. sydowii. Six isolates (4 A. niger, 1 A. calidoustus, and 1 A. sydowii) were producing OTA. The amounts of ochratoxins varied from 0.80 to 74.01 ng/g.
Plant extracts (PE), fixed oils (FO) and essential oils (EO) are used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Therefore, in this study evaluated the anticandidal activity of 100 different commercially available PEs, FOs, and EOs against 19 Candida albicans vaginal isolates and C. albicans ATCC 10231. It was determined that 20 EOs and FOs had anticandidal activity. It was determined that Piper nigrum FO, pine turpentine EO, pine tar EO, and Eugenia caryophyllata EO showed the highest anticandidal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) values of these FO and EOs were between 0.125 and 2 µL mL-1. The volatile components of these FOs and EOs were determined by GC-MS analysis. There were six components in E. caryophyllata EO, 38 in Pine turpentine EO, 39 in P. nigrum FO, and 119 in Pine tar EO. In conclusion, this FOs and EOs can be used to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Mikrobiyota çalışmaları günümüzde önemi giderek artan bir konudur. Literatürde genç bireylerin ağızlarından izole edilen mayaların antifungal direnci ve biyofilm oluşturma kapasitesi üzerine sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmada 2018-2020 yıllarında 18-25 yaş arası 17 genç bireyin ağzından izole edilen 133 maya izolatı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. 133 izolatın biyofilm oluşturma kapasiteleri incelendiğinde doku kültürü plak yöntemi ile %99,25'inin, tüp yöntemi ile %66,92'sinin biyofilm oluşturduğu belirlendi. 133 maya izolatı ve 7 referans suş ilk önce agar disk difüzyon yöntemiyle flukonazol antifungaline karşı değerlendirildi. İzolatların flukonazole duyarlı olduğu bulundu. Bu sonuca göre 133 maya izolatı arasından biyofilm oluşturma kapasitesi güçlü 20 izolat seçilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, azol grubu antifungaller ağırlıklı olarak oral maya enfeksiyonlarının tedavisinde kullanılabilir.
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