No abstract

The risk evaluation for pharmacological therapy during pregnancy is critical for maternal and fetal health. The initial risk assessment stage, the risk measurement, begins with pregnancy‐labeling categories (A, B, C, D, and X) for pharmaceuticals defined by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Recently, in silico methods have been preferred in toxicology studies to eliminate ethical issues before conducting clinical toxicology studies and animal experiments. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling is one of the in silico methodologies. The research focuses on creating a QSAR model that predicts the five FDA pregnancy categories of medications. Our dataset included 868 pharmaceuticals, containing nearly every pharmacological group collected from the FDA. 2D‐molecular descriptors were calculated using PaDEL software. Twenty‐four QSAR models were developed, and the best four models were discussed. The results of the models were compared according to sensitivity, accuracy, F‐score, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) values, and Matthews correlation coefficient. Considering the statistical results, random forest is the best model for determining the pregnancy risk category of drugs. The accuracy of the model was 76.49% for internal and 93.58% for external validation. According to the kappa statistics, there is an average agreement of 0.583 for internal validation and a perfect agreement of 0.893 for external validation. Because the error rates of the model are very close to 0, the model is highly accurate. Consequently, our novel QSAR model gives guidance on the safe use of pharmaceuticals during pregnancy without requiring animal tests or clinical trials on pregnant women.

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity, also known as drug-induced liver injury (DILI), is among the possible adverse effects of pharmacotherapy. This clinical condition is accepted as one of the factors leading to patient mortality and morbidity. The LiverTox database was built by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) to predict potential liver damage from medications and take appropriate precautions. The database has classified medicines into seven risk categories (A, B, C, D, E, E*, and X) to avoid medicine-induced liver toxicity. The hepatic damage risk decreases from group A to group E. This study did not include the E* and X classes because they contained unverified and unknown data groups. Our study aims to predict potential liver damage of new drug molecules without using experimental animals. We predict which of the LiverTox risk category drugs with unknown liver toxicity potential will fall into using our one-vs-all quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (OvA-QSTR) model. Our dataset, consisting of 678 organic drug molecules from different pharmacological classes, was collected from LiverTox. The OvA-QSTR models implemented by Bayesian Network (BayesNet) performed well based on the selected descriptors, with the precision–recall curve (PRC) areas ranging from 0.718 to 0.869. Our OvA-QSTR models provide a reliable premarketing risk evaluation of pharmaceutical-induced liver damage potential and offer predictions for different risk levels in DILI.

This paper presents a polynomial-based approach for efficiently computing functions ofsymmetric matrices by leveraging the Restarted Heavy Ball (RHB) method. The RHB method is employedto overcome the slow convergence issue commonly encountered when computing functions of symmetricmatrices. The key idea of our approach is to approximate the desired function using a polynomial. Byrepresenting the function as a polynomial, we can leverage the efficient computation of polynomials toaccelerate the overall function computation process. We introduce a systematic methodology forconstructing an optimal polynomial approximation that minimizes the approximation error. To furtherenhance the convergence speed, we incorporate the Restarted Heavy Ball method into our polynomialbased approach. The Restarted Heavy Ball iteration is applied after a certain number of iterations to resetthe computation process and mitigate the slow convergence behavior. The experimental results and analysisvalidate the effectiveness and practicality of our approach, highlighting its potential for various applicationsinvolving function computations of symmetric matrices. Overall, our polynomial-based approach,integrated with the Restarted Heavy Ball method, offers an efficient and accurate solution for computingfunctions of symmetric matrices. The experimental results and analysis validate the effectiveness andpracticality of our approach, highlighting its potential for various applications involving functioncomputations of symmetric matrices.