Purpose The retina is a highly energy-consuming tissue associated with visual development, and the reduced quality of retinal imaging can be related to myopia. Synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 1 ( SCO1) and synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 ( SCO2) are involved in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesis and energy metabolism. This study aimed to observe the morphologic changes and investigate the expression of SCO1 and SCO2 induced by form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in the retina and sclera of guinea pigs. Methods Thirty-six 3-week-old male guinea pigs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) the model group (n = 18), in which the right eyes were covered by a thin opaque balloon as FDM group, and the left eyes were uncovered and served as the contralateral control group; (2) the blank control group (n = 18), in which bilateral eye received no manipulation. Eyeballs were enucleated for histological analysis. The retina and sclera of the guinea pigs were separated to determine the protein and mRNA expression levels of SCO1 and SCO2, respectively. Results After four weeks of form deprivation (FD), the refractive degree and axial length increased significantly ( P < 0.001). The retinal and scleral tissues were moderately thinner, and the ganglion cells and the cells of inner and outer nuclear layers in the retina became fewer. Compared with the contralateral control group ( P < 0.001) and the blank control group ( P < 0.001), the collagen content of the sclera became less in the FDM group. The protein and mRNA expression levels of SCO1 and SCO2 in the FDM group were significantly lower than those in the contralateral control group and the blank control group ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The morphologies of the retina and sclera were changed, and the expression of SCO1 and SCO2 at the protein and transcription levels was significantly reduced in the FDM group. Given these changes, SCO1 and SCO2 genes may be involved in myopic progression.
Background: Due to lack of equipment for directly measuring crystal morphology, there has been little research on lenticular astigmatism. The purpose of this study was to accurately explore the correlation between internal astigmatism and lens astigmatism in patients with ametropia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, China, in September 2020. Diopter values (refractive astigmatism, RA) of patients with ametropia was recorded, and the corneal and lens biological parameters were measured by CASIA2 (corneal/anterior segment optical correlation tomography analyzer). Biometric parameters, including the total corneal astigmatism (total corneal astigmatism, TCA), anterior and posterior curvature radius of the lens (anterior curvature radius of the lens, ACL; posterior curvature radius of the lens, PCL), internal astigmatism (internal astigmatism, IA), anterior and posterior astigmatism of the lens (anterior astigmatism of the lens, AAL; posterior astigmatism of the lens, PAL) were measured. Grouping and comparisons were made according to gender and age. Results: In total, 151 participants (293 eyes) were included in the analysis. There were significant ( P<0.05) differences in the IA ( Z=-2.194, P=0.028) according to gender, but not in the other parameters. By age group, there were statistically significant differences in the TCA ( H=10.609, P=0.005), IA ( F=3.722, P=0.025), and PAL ( H=8.254, P=0.016), but not in the others. The IA was positively correlated with the age ( r=0.155, P=0.008), RA ( r=0. 534, P<0.001), AAL ( r=0.308, P<0.001), and was negatively correlated with the TCA ( r=-0.244, P<0.001). The regression equation between the IA and AAL was: Y (IA) =-0.626 +0.447 X (AAL). Conclusions: Internal astigmatism is mainly related to the anterior astigmatism of the lens, and the higher the anterior astigmatism of the lens, the higher the internal astigmatism; At the same time, internal astigmatism increases with age.
Background: Due to lack of equipment for directly measuring crystal morphology, there has been little research on crystal astigmatism. The purpose of this study was to accurately explore the correlation between internal astigmatism and lens astigmatism in patients with ametropia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, China, in September 2020. Diopter values (refractive astigmatism, RA) of patients with ametropia was recorded, and the corneal and lens biological parameters were measured by CASIA2 (corneal/anterior segment optical correlation tomography analyzer). Biometric parameters, including the total corneal astigmatism (TCA), anterior and posterior curvature radius of the lens (ACL, PCL), internal astigmatism (IA), anterior and posterior astigmatism of the lens (AAL, PAL) were measured. Grouping and comparisons were made according to gender and age. Results: In total, 151 participants (293 eyes) were included in the analysis. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the IA (Z=-2.194, P=0.028) according to gender, but not in the other parameters. By age group, there were statistically significant differences in the TCA (H=10.609, P=0.005), IA (F=3.722, P=0.025), and PAL (H=8.254, P=0.016), but not in the others. The IA was positively correlated with the age (r=0.155, P=0.008), RA (r=0. 534, P<0.001), AAL (r=0.308, P<0.001), and was negatively correlated with the TCA (r=-0.244, P<0.001). The regression equation between the IA and AAL was: Y (IA) =-0.626 +0.447X (AAL). Conclusions: There is a delicate balance between internal astigmatism and intraocular astigmatism. There were no significant differences in the other parameters except IA for different gender groups. For different ages, there are symbol differences in the TCA, IA and PAL, but not in the other parameters. In the analysis of IA with lens astigmatism, it was found that internal astigmatism was mainly related to AAL, but not to PAL.
Background To investigate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on retinol dehydrogenase 5 (RDH5), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) transcription levels, and the effect of RDH5 on MMP-2 and TGF-β2. Methods After ARPE-19 cells intervened with gradient concentrations of ATRA (0–20 µM) for 24 h, flow cytometry was used to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in each group, and qRT-PCR was used to detect RDH5, MMP2 and TGF-β2 mRNA expression. Then, after ARPE-19 cells transfected with three different siRNA targets for 48 h, the RDH5 knockdown efficiency of each group and expression of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 mRNA within them was detected by qRT-PCR. Results Flow cytometry showed that ATRA could inhibit the proliferation of and promote the apoptosis of RPE cells, and the difference of apoptosis was statistically significant when the ATRA concentration exceeded 5 µM and compared with the normal control group (P = 0.027 and P = 0.031, respectively). qRT-PCR results showed that ATRA could significantly inhibit the expression level of RDH5 mRNA (P < 0.001), and promote the expression of MMP2 and TGF-β2 mRNA (P = 0.03 and P < 0.001, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner, especially when treated with 5 µM ATRA. The knockdown efficiency of RDH5 siRNA varies with different targets, among which RDH5 siRNA-435 had the highest knockdown efficiency, i.e., more than 50% lower than that of the negative control group (P = 0.02). When RDH5 was knocked down for 48 h, the results of qRT-PCR showed that the expressions of MMP-2 and TGF-β2 mRNA were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.001). Conclusions ATRA inhibited the expression of RDH5 and promoted myopic signaling factors MMP2 and TGF-β2, and further RDH5 knockdown significantly upregulated MMP-2 and TGF-β2. These findings suggest that RDH5 may be involved in myopia development mediated by ATRA.
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