The parD stability system of plasmid R1 is an auto-regulated operon containing two genes, kis and kid, that code, respectively, for a killer protein (Kid) and for an antagonist of Kid action (Kis protein). A polycistronic transcript and a shorter mRNA, coding only for Kis and ending in a stem-loop sequence, have been identified as the main parD transcripts in cells carrying a derepressed parD operon. In this communication we show that both parD mRNAs have a half-life close to 1 min and are present in similar amounts. Using an assay based on cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that the short kis mRNA originates from limited degradation of the bicistronic parD transcript and that the stem-loop structure within the 5' end of the kid gene is specifically required for the formation of this short transcript. In vivo experiments show that synthesis of Kis is required for efficient synthesis of Kid. These data indicate that RNA processing and translational coupling are important mechanisms that modulate the differential expression of the two genes, kis and kid, in the bicistronic parD operon.
A series of plasmids were constructed containing two unidirectional ColE1 replication origins in either the same or opposite orientations and their replication mode was investigated using two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. The results obtained showed that, in these plasmids, initiation of DNA replication occurred at only one of the two potential origins per replication round regardless of origins orientation. In those plasmids with inversely oriented origins, the silent origin act as a polar pausing site for the replication fork initiated at the other origin. The distance between origins (up to 5.8 kilobase pairs) affected neither the interference between them to initiate replication nor the pausing function of the silent origin. A deletion analysis indicated that the presence of a transcription promoter upstream of the origin was the only essential requirement for it to initiate replication as well as to account for its polar pausing function. Finally, in vitro helicase assays showed that Escherichia coli DnaB is able to melt DNA-DNA homoduplexes but is very inefficient to unwind RNA-DNA hybrids. Altogether, these observations strongly suggest that replication forks pause at silent ColE1 origins due to the inability of DnaB helicase, which leads the replication fork in vivo, to unwind RNA-DNA hybrids.The difficulty to generate palindromes involving ColE1 origins is a well known paradox (1, 2). Indeed, co-orientation of replication origins is the most common organization found in nature for multimeric plasmids. Streptococcus pyogens broad host range plasmid pSM19035 is one of the few exceptions (3, 4). pPI21, an Escherichia coli plasmid derivative of pSM19035 and pBR322, has two long inverted repeats, each one containing a potentially active ColE1 unidirectional origin. It was recently shown that progression of the replication fork initiated at either of the two potential origins of pPI21 is transiently stalled at the other inversely oriented origin (5). This pausing leads to the accumulation of a specific replication intermediate (RI) 1 containing an internal bubble that spans the distance between both origins. The accumulated RI exists as a series of stereoisomers that may have one or more knots with a different number of nodes within the replicated portion (5). Whether this peculiar replication behavior is specific for S. pyogens pSM19035-derived plasmids or a general feature for all plasmids containing two inversely oriented ColE1 origins is still to be shown. Moreover, nothing is known about the mechanism responsible for the transient pausing of replication forks as they encounter another silent and inversely oriented ColE1 origin; and the palindromic structure of pPI21 made it difficult to find out whether or not both origins were equally competent to initiate DNA replication.To answer all these questions, we constructed a series of E. coli plasmids containing two unidirectional ColE1 origins in either the same or opposite orientations. Two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis (6) was then u...
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