Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is an entomopathogenic fungus endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It parasitizes and mummifies the underground ghost moth larvae, then produces a fruiting body. The fungus-insect complex, called Chinese cordyceps or "DongChongXiaCao", is not only a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, but also a major source of income for numerous Himalayan residents. Here, taking advantage of rapid advances in single-molecule sequencing, we assembled a highly contiguous genome assembly of O. sinensis. The assembly of 23 contigs was ∼ 110.8 Mb with a N50 length of 18.2 Mb. We used RNA-seq and homologous protein sequences to identify 8916 protein-coding genes in the IOZ07 assembly. Moreover, 63 secondary metabolite gene clusters were identified in the improved assembly. The improved assembly and genome features described in this study will further inform the evolutionary study and resource utilization of Chinese cordyceps.

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[1] The surface longwave radiation budget plays an important role in the Earth's climate system. Remote sensing provides the most practical way to map surface longwave radiation on a large scale and at a high spatial resolution. In this paper, we evaluate both surface downward longwave radiation (DLR) and upwelling longwave radiation (ULR) models under clear-sky conditions from MODIS data products. There are multiple DLR models available with variable uncertainties, and the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method is incorporated in this study to combine the predictive distribution of these models for better accuracy. The integrated estimates for DLR based on the BMA method have lower root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) and higher coefficients of determination (R 2 ) than the best individual model. The RMSEs decreased by approximately 10 W/m 2 at two forest sites and by approximately 4 W/m 2 at other sites. The R 2 value increased at each site by more than 0.05. Two models for calculating the surface upwelling longwave radiation (ULR) are also evaluated at 16 sites. The results show that both the land surface temperature (LST)-emissivity method and the direct method, the Wang-U model underestimate the clear-sky ULR. The validation results show that the surface net longwave radiation (NLR) estimated using DLR estimates based on the BMA method and ULR estimates based on the LST-emissivity method is the most accurate.Citation: Wu, H., X. Zhang, S. Liang, H. Yang, and G. Zhou (2012), Estimation of clear-sky land surface longwave radiation from MODIS data products by merging multiple models,

Using remotely sensed satellite products is the most efficient way to monitor global land, water, and forest resource changes, which are believed to be the main factors for understanding global climate change and its impacts. A reliable remotely sensed product should be retrieved quantitatively through models or statistical methods.

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Ghost moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) are cold-adapted stenothermal species inhabiting alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau. They have an optimal developmental temperature of 12-16 °C but can maintain feeding and growth at 0 °C. Their survival strategies have received little attention, but these insects are a promising model for environmental adaptation. Here, biochemical adaptations and energy metabolism in response to cold were investigated in larvae of the ghost moth Hepialus xiaojinensis. Metabolic rate and respiratory quotient decreased dramatically with decreasing temperature (15-4 °C), suggesting that the energy metabolism of ghost moths, especially glycometabolism, was sensitive to cold. However, the metabolic rate at 4 °C increased with the duration of cold exposure, indicating thermal compensation to sustain energy budgets under cold conditions. Underlying regulation strategies were studied by analyzing metabolic differences between cold-acclimated (4 °C for 48 h) and control larvae (15 °C). In cold-acclimated larvae, the energy generating pathways of carbohydrates, instead of the overall consumption of carbohydrates, was compensated in the fat body by improving the transcription of related enzymes. The mobilization of lipids was also promoted, with higher diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol and free fatty acid content in hemolymph. These results indicated that cold acclimation induced a reorganization on metabolic structure to prioritise energy metabolism. Within the aerobic process, flux throughout the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was encouraged in the fat body, and the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was the likely compensation target. Increased mitochondrial cristae density was observed in the midgut of cold-acclimated larvae. The thermal compensation strategies in this ghost moth span the entire process of energy metabolism, including degration of metabolic substrate, TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, and from an energy budget perspective explains how ghost moths sustain physiological activity in cold environments.

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