Resumo: O sistema de gerenciamento automático de marchas permite ao trator, na rotação de trabalho estabelecida no motor, extrair o máximo de desempenho de tração do trator. Neste trabalho, os benefícios de gerenciamento automático de marchas foram comprovados através da comparação da velocidade, patinagem, consumo horário de combustível, rendimento e potência na barra de tração, força e consumo específico durante deslocamento do trator nas condições manual e automática de gerenciamento de marcha. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em faixas, com dois tratamentos (marchas selecionadas manualmente e automaticamente) e cinco repetições. Os parâmetros foram determinados pelo método de comboio composto por dois tratores conduzidos em pavimento de concreto à velocidade de 8,0 km h -1 e o segundo trator simulando carga de 40 kN na barra de tração. O gerenciamento automático e manual das marchas não resultou em diferença significativa na força e patinagem. Contudo, o gerenciamento automático de marchas permitiu que o trator atingisse maior velocidade com menor consumo específico e horário de combustível, com respectivo aumento na potência e rendimento na barra de tração.Palavras-chave: Tratores agrícolas; caixa de câmbio; eficiência tratativa. Abstract:The automatic management system allows the tractor, working rotation established without engine, extract the maximum traction performance to tractor, in this article, automatic gear management had its highest performance proven through its higher working speed, skating, fuel hourly consumption, yield and power in the drawbar, force and specific consumption during the work of the tractor in the manual and automatic conditions of gear management. The experiment was conducted in a lane design, with two treatments (Select gears manually and automatically) and five repetitions. The parameters were determined by the convoy method composed of two tractors driven on concrete pavement at a speed of 8.0 km h-1 and the second tractor simulating a 40 kN load on the drawbar. As for the strength and skating n significant difference between the automatic and regular management. However, there was difference in speed, no time and specific consumption of fuel, and power and income in the draw bar. In the automatic gear condition management, the tractor reached higher speed with lower specific consumption and fuel schedule with respective increase in power and yield in the drawbar.
The operational performance of the agricultural tractor can be increased by adjusting parameters such as tire inflation pressure, axle mass distribution and gauge opening, which is a very divergent factor in controlled-traffic production. The objective of the experiment was to measure the energy performance of a 93 kW agricultural tractor in intermediate grading operation in two slopes (flat and sloping) and three gauge configurations (closed, intermediate and open) in mobilized soil. Energy performance was determined from the following parameters: slip, engine speed, actual effective speed, hourly and specific fuel consumption; strength, power and performance on the drawbar. Turbo pressure and temperature monitoring was also performed at six different engine points. The experiment was conducted in double factorial arrangement (2 slopes and 3 gauges), with four replications, totaling 24 plots. Data were analyzed for normality and homoscedasticity of the residues, after ANOVA and when significant, the means test. Tilts and tire gauges did not differ statistically, so it can be concluded that depending on the operation do not interfere with operating performance.
The traction efficiency of the agricultural tractor can be maximized by adjusting the total mass and its distribution between the axles. The experiment’s objective was to determine the configuration of mass distribution between axles and the displacement speed that provides greater traction efficiency in the harrowing operation. A randomized block design in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme with five replications was used. The first factor was two mass distributions between axles, and the second factor was three gears. The collected data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test. The condition that maximizes the tractor’s performance corresponds to 39% of the total mass on the front axle and 61% on the rear axle, with a gear that provides speed close to 10 km h-1.
An adjustment of the agricultural tractor is necessary to achieve energy efficiency, which can be done through the correct distribution of mass between the axles for each operating surface. This research evaluated different distributions of mass between axles in a 93 kW tractor equipped with auxiliary front-wheel drive, on two soil surfaces. The experiment was carried out in strip design, with a double factorial scheme (2 x 3), with two soil surfaces (mobilized and firm) and three mass distributions between axes (35/65%, 40/60% and 45/55%), with five repetitions, totaling 30 parcels. The slippage parameters of the front and rear wheelset, engine rotation, hourly and specific fuel consumption, force, power and yield on the drawbar, displacement speed, engine thermal efficiency, traction coefficient, rolling resistance, and yield in traction. On firm soil, the energy performance of the tractor was superior in relation to the mobilized one, which allowed greater tractor and drawbar performance with lower specific fuel consumption. The use of a 35/65% between-axle mass distribution provided maximum traction for the mechanized set, resulting from the reduction in energy expenditure generated by skating and; consequently, the maximum use of the energy made available by the mechanized set. However, the maximum conversion of energy contained in the working fuel is obtained with the 45/55% setting.
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