The sowing speed or planting speed is referred to tractor and seeder displacement speed during the sowing. It plays a crucial role intruding distribution of plants, and consecuently yield of soybean grain. Therefore, this paper endeavors to corroborate the repercussions of the sowing speeds on the plants distribuition and grain yield. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replications, with the treatments comprising of five sowing speeds (2.0, 3.1, 6.1, 7.4, 9.0 km h-1). The following parameters were evaluated:(i) distance between plants, (ii) double spacing, acceptable spacing and failing spacing, (iii) number and dry mass of nodules, (iv) plant population, (v) shoot dry mass, (vi) mass of one thousand grains, and (vii) grain yield. With the increase in the sowing speed, the equidistance of plants in the row was changed, which in turn decreased the soybean yield. The results showed that seeding speeds close to 4.0 km h-1 provided better uniformity and distribution of plants in the row. The results also unveiled that sowing speed mainly influence the plants distribution, having greater influence on the productivity components, thereby affecting the overall soybean grain yield
This study aimed at determining the effect of a variety of plants arrangements on foliar growth and development as well as the productive potential in soybean. The field experiments were performed over two agricultural years (2015/16 and 2016/17) on Argisoil in subtropical environment. The two selected cultivars, viz., BMX Tornado RR and FPS Urano RR were sown in four spatial distribution of the plants such as conventional spacing (0.45 m spacing between rows), reduced spacing (0.225 m spacing between rows), paired spacing (two rows with 0.225 m and 0.45 m spacing from the other rows) and crossed spacing (0.45 m spacing between the rows with crosses of two rows, at a 90° angle). The randomized block design was adopted for the experiments with the treatments in a 2x4 factorial distribution and four replications. The first factor was the cultivar and the second types of plant distribution. The results showed that plant arrangement affected the plant profile regarding the behavior of the ecophysiological variables like plastochron, leaf lifetime and yield distribution. Leaf life in each stratum was caused by the foliar senescence rhythm, explained by a 4th degree polynomial model, revealing two peaks in the senescence rate, one during pre-flowering stage and the other when the grain filling stage was completed. According to the results, we do not recommend changes in conventional spacing.
The present work aims to evaluate the possibility of anticipating the wheat harvest by the application of non-selective herbicides in the pre-harvest conditions, thereby providing productive and economic viability. In total, 13 treatments were executed, which includes the spraying of different herbicide combinations (glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate, and paraquat) in the phenological stages (Z-83, Z-85, Z-87, Z-92), and treatments without application of herbicides. Further, the treatment step was followed by providing different harvest conditions such as (i) glufosinate-ammonium: 9.5 and 8.8 days, (ii) glyphosate: 11.2 and 10.9 days, and (iii) paraquat: 7.9 and 8.5, where the first numerical value corresponds to number of days for the year 2016 followed by 2017. A mean reduction in seed yield of 4.6 % (BRS Parrudo) and 25.4 % (TBIO Sinuelo) was observed upon application of herbicides in the first two phenological stages. Additionally, an economic loss reaching up to R$ 2512 ha-1, was demonstrated. Therefore, the application of the non-selective herbicides glufosinate-ammonium and paraquat in the pre-harvest results in wheat phytointoxication, however, promoting harvest anticipation in 4.8 and 5.3 days, respectively.
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