Hollow nanostructures have attracted significant research interest in drug delivery systems due to their high capacities for drug loading and unique physicochemical properties, showing great potential in specific biomedical applications. Herein, hollow porphyrinic metal–organic framework (H-PMOF) nanoparticles with a mesoporous spherical shell have been fabricated via a facile self-sacrificial ZIF-8 nanoparticle template strategy. The H-PMOF nanoplatform not only demonstrates a greatly enhanced photodynamic therapy efficacy compared with nonhollow porphyrinic MOF nanoparticles but also can be used as a superior drug carrier to co-load doxorubicin (DOX) and indocyanine green (ICG) with an ultrahigh drug-loading capacity of 635%. Furthermore, cancer cell membrane camouflage of the (DOX and ICG)@H-PMOF composite nanoparticles affords a biomimetic nanoplatform, that is, (DOX and ICG)@H-PMOF@mem (DIHPm for short), with an outstanding homologous tumor-targeting and immune-escaping ability. Interestingly, DIHPm shows both pH-controlled and near-infrared laser-triggered DOX release. Both in vitro and in vivo studies of DIHPm demonstrate an excellent imaging-guided synergistic photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy anticancer activity with negligible systemic toxicity. The development of the high-performance H-PMOF nanoplatform provides new insights into the design of MOF-based multifunctional nanomedicines for combination cancer therapy and precise theranostics.

The nanoplatforms based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have shown great promise in amplified photodynamic therapy (PDT) triggered by near-infrared (NIR) light. However, their practical in vivo applications are hindered by the overheating effect of 980 nm excitation and low utilization of upconversion luminescence (UCL) by photosensitizers. To solve these defects, core-satellite metal-organic framework@UCNP superstructures, composed of a single metal-organic framework (MOF) NP as the core and Nd 3+ -sensitized UCNPs as the satellites, are designed and synthesized via a facile electrostatic self-assembly strategy. The superstructures realize a high co-loading capacity of chlorin e6 (Ce6) and rose bengal (RB) benefitted from the highly porous nature of MOF NPs, showing a strong spectral overlap between maximum absorption of photosensitizers and emission of UCNPs. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the dual-photosensitizer superstructures have trimodal (magnetic resonance (MR)/UCL/fluorescence (FL)) imaging functions and excellent antitumor effectiveness of PDT at 808 nm NIR light excitation, avoiding the laser irradiation-induced overheating issue. This study provides new insights for the development of highly efficient PDT nanodrugs toward precision theranostics.