No abstract

Dirty udders and teats result in a higher workload in terms of cleaning before milking and may constitute a risk for udder health. The aim of this prevalence study on 23 farms with very low within-farm variation in cubicle measures and other cubicle characteristics was to identify potentially influencing housing and management factors concerning teat and teat tip soiling. Information about udder soiling, housing and management was collected through direct recording and farmers' interviews. Height at withers, shoulder width and diagonal body length were measured in 79% to 100% of the cows in each herd. On the basis of the 25% largest animals, compliance with recommendations for cubicle measures was calculated, which was generally rather low. Stepwise regression was used to find predictors for the percentage of dirty teats and of dirty teat tips. The final model on dirty teats explained 58.5% of the variance and contained four factors (F 5 6.34, P 5 0.0023). Less soiled teats were found on farms that conducted teat dipping after milking (t 5 23.21, P 5 0.0048), had increased daily cubicle maintenance time ( t 5 22.58, P 5 0.0187), deep-bedded cubicles ( t 5 22.42, P 5 0.0265) and decreasing compliance concerning cubicle length ( t 5 2.33, P 5 0.0317). The final model on teat tip soiling explained 46.0% of the variance and contained three factors ( F 5 5.39, P 5 0.0075). Less soiled teat tips were associated with increasing height of bedding material ( t 5 22.89, P 5 0.0094) and decreasing compliance concerning resting length ( t 5 2.12, P 5 0.0470). Difficult to explain was the association found between increased passage soiling and decreased teat tip dirtiness ( t 5 21.86, P 5 0.0790). Thus, even under relatively restrictive cubicle conditions, a certain increase in teat and teat tip soiling was found with increasing cubicle length. However, at the same time, measures relating to good management may positively affect teat and teat tip cleanliness. In addition, deep-bedded cubicles yielded advantages in this regard. Both regression models for teat and teat tip cleanliness contained similar but not identical predictive variables. This indicates that dirtiness of each particular area may originate from slightly different though related causes. The low correlations found between udder, teat and teat tip cleanliness should be considered in future studies.