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Background: Leprosy or Hansen’s disease is a chronic infectious disease that mainly affects skin and peripheral nerves. Histopathology and demonstration of lepra bacilli is an essential tool to supplement clinical examination and diagnosis for correct classification and therefore treatment of patients. Aim: To study histopathology of leprosy cases and identify histological types in patients in a tertiary care centre, Asram hospital in Eluru. Materials and Methods: 18 skin biopsies diagnosed as leprosy over a period of two years from January 2018 to December 2019 were studied. Haematoxylin-eosin and Fite-Faraco staining for demonstrating lepra bacilli were done. Results: Male to female ratio of patients was 4.5:1. Maximum number of cases was seen in the 3rd and fourth decades of life. The commonest histological type was borderline tuberculoid (5 cases, 28%) and indeterminate type, lepromatous type (3 cases, 16%); followed by tuberculoid leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum (2 cases, 11%), the least common cases were of lepromatous leprosy to borderline tuberculoid leprosy (1cases, 6%). The most common site was upper limb (26%). All 3/18(24%) patients with affected nerves showed ulnar and auricular nerve involvement. Hypopigmented, anaesthetic plaque was the commonest clinical feature followed by erythematous lesions. All cases of borderline tuberculoid, borderline lepromatous, lepromatous, midboderline and indeterminate showed acid-fast bacilli on Fite stain. Tuberculoid cases showed well-formed granulomas, borderline tuberculoid type showed additional feature of giant cells and lepromatous types showed grenz zone and no granulomas. Conclusion: Histopathological examination is the gold standard for accurate diagnosis and typing of leprosy. It should be done in all leprosy cases presenting to the clinician.

Background: Intra-operative frozen section plays an important role in the management of surgical patients but yet it must be used prudently to avoid the indiscriminate usage of this technique. As it is subjected to many limitations in comparison to the paraffin embedded sections, this study aims to highlight the important concepts and principles of intraoperative frozen section consultation as well as discussing the limitations of this technique. A comparison with other latest techniques. Aims and objectives:To evaluate the performance and limitations of frozen sections in the intraoperative evaluation of thyroid, breast, gastric, ovarian, central nervous system and lower extremities biopsies. Materials and methods:Retrospective and prospective study of frozen sections done over a period of one and half year were taken. Fine needle aspiration cytology, frozen and biopsy performed for various tumours in thyroid, breast, gastric, ovary, CNS and lower limb were studied. A Comparison for frozen, fine needle aspiration was done which was later confirmed by histopathology. Accuracy of frozen section in our study was 91%.Results: Out of 21 cases, 19 cases of frozen sections coincided with histopathological diagnosis and 20 cases of fine needle aspiration cytology coincided with histopathological diagnosis. Conclusions:The role, value, and limitations of frozen section and gross consultation were variable in different sites. Frozen section aided the surgeon to choose the best therapeutic approach and in rapid diagnosis of a pathological process. Confirmed the diagnosis of carcinoma if the fine needle aspiration cytology or core needle biopsies are inconclusive prior to major radical surgery. Also provided an assessment of resection margins in carcinoma. When unexpected disease process was found and required a definite diagnosis to decide what to do next frozen section was helpful.

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Rice bodies are fibrous bodies resembling grains of rice. They are associated with many inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, juvenile arthritides, seronegative arthritis, osteoarthritis, septic joints and chronic bursitis. Rice bodies are seen in pleural fluid, in the setting of bursitis and within the tendon sheath. We describe a rare case of Rice body tenosynovitis of flexor tendon sheath of a finger in a hand that showed no evidence of any infection or rheumatic disease after repetitive diagnostic procedures. Case presentation: We report a case of forty-nine-year-old fisherman presenting with progressive, painless sausage shaped swelling of right hand middle finger for two years. Discussion: Rice bodies are formed in inflammatory joint diseases and mostly with tuberculous etiology but rarely found in non-tuberculous patient. This a case of Rice body formation associated with chronic Nonspecific tenosynovitis of middle finger right hand. Conclusion: Rice bodies in the distal palm to digital flexor tendon sheath of Right-hand middle finger with no specific etiology are extremely rare clinical Presentation. MRI, radiography and histopathology were useful in arriving at a Diagnosis. Over the period of 10 years, only one flexor tendon sheath of right hand middle finger was affected, without any other disability. Since his occupationis fishing, may be bite of the fish may be a reason. This chronic inflammation of the middle finger tendon sheath of the flexor tendon was confined only to that finger over the past 10 years. Now after complete excision of the sheath, he is free of this problem and is able to continue his profession without any difficulty.

We have increase in number of oral lesions at ASRAMS, as it is a referral centre and there by we have determined to study the prevalence of these lesions and its association with P16ink4a marker.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of P16ink4a in oral epithelial dysplasias and oral squamous cell carcinoma by immunohistochemistry. In clinically significant patients, correlation between histopathology findings and its association with P16ink4a marker has been studied in Department of Pathology, ASRAMS. A retrospective study done from July 2017 to July 2019.The study was carried out after approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. The biological material received was resection specimen and punch biopsies of the lesion which was fixed in 10% formalin for 6hrs later processed, followed by paraffin embedding and hematoxylin & eosin staining of the sections. Histopathological classification of lesions was done according to the criteria proposed by WHO for oral cavity lesions.Immunohistochemical analysis with P16ink4a was performed on the serial sections. Development of reactions was performed with DAB (Diamino benzidine). The panel used was clone E6H4, requiring no dilution followed by epitope retrieval solution. All data were tabulated in a Windows Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Excel 2011) and statistically analyzed using software version. The expression of P16ink4a in various lesions was tabulated.The study included 29 cases of oral lesions, most of them belonged to age group of 40 to 60 yrs. Male preponderance is noted. Most of the cases in our study were located on tongue. Histopathologically well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were more in number. The immunoexpression of p16 stain was present at nuclear and cytoplasmic level mainly found at the basal dysplastic epithelium. P16 had a weak intensity at level of tumor proper and also at invasion front.P16ink4a immunohistochemical marker can be used as a surrogate biomarker for HPV detection of oral epithelial dysplasias and oral squamous cell carcinomas. P16 is useful marker in identifying dysplastic lesions and decrease of its immunoexpression is a predictive factor notified for neoplastic transformation.