BackgroundOrthogonal polarized spectral (OPS) and sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging video microscope devices were introduced for observation of the microcirculation but, due to technical limitations, have remained as research tools. Recently, a novel handheld microscope based on incident dark field illumination (IDF) has been introduced for clinical use. The Cytocam-IDF imaging device consists of a pen-like probe incorporating IDF illumination with a set of high-resolution lenses projecting images on to a computer controlled image sensor synchronized with very short pulsed illumination light. This study was performed to validate Cytocam-IDF imaging by comparison to SDF imaging in volunteers.MethodsThis study is a prospective, observational study. The subjects consist of 25 volunteers.ResultsSublingual microcirculation was evaluated using both techniques. The main result was that Cytocam-IDF imaging provided better quality images and was able to detect 30% more capillaries than SDF imaging (total vessels density Cytocam-IDF: 21.60 ± 4.30 mm/mm2 vs SDF: 16.35 ± 2.78 mm/mm2, p < 0.0001). Comparison of the images showed increased contrast, sharpness, and image quality of both venules and capillaries.ConclusionsCytocam-IDF imaging detected more capillaries and provided better image quality than SDF imaging. It is concluded that Cytocam-IDF imaging may provide a new improved imaging modality for clinical assessment of microcirculatory alterations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40635-015-0040-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Monitoring of donor‐specific HLA antibodies (DSA) has become part of the clinical routine in kidney transplantation. This paper gives a brief overview on data from the Collaborative Transplant Study (CTS) and the Heidelberg Transplant Center on the clinical relevance of post‐transplant DSA monitoring in patients undergoing renal transplantation. The obtained findings underline the importance of DSA monitoring in the post‐operative course in immunologically high‐risk patients and patients with deterioration of graft function. Especially in patients with a pre‐activated immune system, a gap in the immunosuppressive therapy appear to lead to persistence, reappearance or de novo occurrence of strong, complement‐activating DSA, resulting in severe antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) and, without timely intervention, in AMR‐related graft loss.
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