Objective: The role of sauna bathing in cardiovascular function treatment has been increasingly explored, but insufficient attention has been paid to its efficacy. We performed a meta-analysis to provide more evidence for the efficacy of sauna treatment in cardiovascular nursing. Methods: Sixteen peer-reviewed journal articles were screened to summarize the efficacy of the sauna on cardiovascular function. Both acute (0–30 min after the sauna) and short-term (2–4 weeks following the sauna treatment) efficacies were investigated. Results: For pooled acute efficacy, body temperature and heart rate significantly ( p<0.001) grew by 0.94℃ and 17.86 beats/min, respectively; reductions of 5.55 mmHg ( p<0.001) and 6.50 mmHg ( p<0.001) were also observed in systolic blood pressure and diastole blood pressure, respectively. For combined short-term efficacy, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 6-min walk distance, and flow-mediated dilation ( p<0.001) increased by 3.27%, 48.11 m, and 1.71%, respectively; greater amelioration in LVEF was observed in participants with lower LVEF. The proportion of patients with New York Heart Association class III and IV decreased by 10.9% and 12.2%, respectively. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, brain natriuretic peptide concentration, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, cardiothoracic ratio, and left atrial dimension reduced by 5.26 mmHg ( p<0.001), 4.14 mmHg ( p<0.001), 116.66 pg/mL ( p<0.001), 2.79 mm ( p<0.001), 2.628% ( p<0.05), and 1.88 mm ( p<0.05), respectively, while the concentration of norepinephrine in the plasma remained unchanged. Conclusion: Sauna treatment was found to play a positive role in improving cardiovascular function and physical activity levels, especially in patients with low cardiovascular function. These findings reveal that thermal intervention may be a promising means for cardiovascular nursing.
It is preliminarily acknowledged that multilayer stent (MS) is a promising alternative technology in the treatment of visceral branched aneurysms, but hemodynamic consequences of eccentricity in such aneurysms with MS are less examined. In this work, we performed a time-dependent simulation of branched aneurysms of various eccentricities with different stent layers, and thrombosis-related parameters, such as time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS), oscillating shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT), were also analyzed. Our results revealed that MS can generally restore laminar flow inside the stent, and allow proper perfusion to vital organs while also fostering a relatively secluded hemodynamic environment for thrombosis formation. Particularly, a flow in the aneurysm sac communicating between the main artery and side branch forms at early systole. However, MS fails to completely eliminate detrimental flow impingement after peak systole, which may hinder aneurysm recovery, especially in the cases of eccentric aneurysms. Therefore, saccular aneurysms should be treated with more caution than fusiform aneurysms. And further therapeutic attempts to keep both perfusion in the proximal region of the aneurysm and isolation in the distal region of the aneurysm should be considered.
<b><i>Objective:</i></b> To study the hemodynamic response to lower leg heating intervention (LLHI) inside the abdominal and iliac arterial segments (AIAS) of young sedentary individuals. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A Doppler measurement of blood flow was conducted for 5 young sedentary adults with LLHI. Heating durations of 0, 20, and 40 min were considered. A lumped parameter model (LPM) was used to ascertain the hemodynamic mechanism. The hemodynamics were determined via numerical approaches. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Ultrasonography revealed that the blood flow waveform shifted upwards under LLHI; in particular, the mean flow increased significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with increasing heating duration. The LPM showed that its mechanism depends on the reduction in afterload resistance, not on the inertia of blood flow and arterial compliance. The time-averaged wall shear stress, time-averaged production rate of nitric oxide, and helicity in the external iliac arteries increased more significantly than in other segments as the heating duration increased, while the oscillation shear index (OSI) and relative residence time (RRT) in the AIAS declined with increasing heating duration. There was a more obvious helicity response in the bilateral external iliac arteries than the OSI and RRT responses. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> LLHI can effectively induce a positive hemodynamic environment in the AIAS of young sedentary individuals.
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