Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a family of non-protein-coding RNAs that span a length of over 200 nucleotides. Research reports have illustrated that lncRNAs are involved in various cellular processes and that their abnormal expression leads to the occurrence and development of various tumors. Colon cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2) was first reported as an oncogene in colon cancer. LncRNA CCAT2 is abnormally expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, glioma, and other tumors. In tumor tissues, abnormally overexpressed CCAT2 can affect cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, and other biological behaviors through endogenous RNAs mechanisms, various signaling pathways, transcriptional regulation, and other complex mechanisms. Additionally, the overexpression of CCAT2 is also closely related to the tumor size, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, survival time, and other prognostic factors, suggesting that it is a potential prognostic indicator. This article reviews the biological functions of CCAT2 and its mechanisms of action in tumors from previous studies. In this review, we attempt to provide a molecular basis for future clinical applications of lncRNA CCAT2.
It is difficult to directly obtain pathological diagnosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA). Analysis of bile in the pCCA microenvironment, based on metabolomics and statistical methods, can help in clinical diagnosis. Clinical information, bile samples, blood liver function, blood CA199, CEA, and other indicators were collected from 33 patients with pCCA and 16 patients with gallstones. Bile samples were analyzed using untargeted metabolomics methods. A combination of multivariate and univariate analyses were used to screen for potential differential metabolites Through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment and differential metabolite remodeling, we explored changes in the pCCA pathway and potential therapeutic targets. There were significant differences in patient blood TBIL, ALT, AST, TBA, CA19-9, and CEA indices (p < 0.05, |log2(fc)| ≥ 1) between two groups. A significant correlation was found between these different indicators by Spearman's analysis. The clinical parameters were correlated with mass-to-charge ratios of 305 (Positive Ion Mode, POS) and 246 (Negative Ion Mode, NEG) in the metabolic group (|r| ≥ 0.7, P ≤ 10−7). The result of this study indicated that bile untargeted metabolomics combined with statistical analysis techniques may be used for diagnose and treatment of pCCA.
It is difficult to directly obtain pathological diagnosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA). Analysis of bile in the pCCA microenvironment, based on metabolomics and statistical methods, can help in clinical diagnosis. Clinical information, bile samples, blood liver function, blood CA199, CEA, and other indicators were collected from 33 patients with pCCA and 16 patients with gallstones. Bile samples were analyzed using non-targeted metabolomics methods, and a clinical diagnosis model was constructed using multivariate analysis technology. Through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment and differential metabolite remodeling, we explored changes in the pCCA pathway and potential therapeutic targets. There were significant differences in patient blood TBIL, ALT, AST, TBA, CA19-9, and CEA indices (p<0.05, |log2(fc)|≥1) between two groups. A significant correlation was found between these different indicators by Spearman's analysis. The clinical parameters were correlated with mass-to-charge ratios of 305 (Positive Ion Mode, POS) and 246 (Negative Ion Mode, NEG) in the metabolic group (| r | ≥ 0.7, P ≤ 10–7). Cross-validation and external validation results showed that the recognition accuracy of the multivariate receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) discriminant model for pCCA was 0.991 (POS) and 1 (NEG). The differential metabolites significantly affected bile secretion, cofactor biosynthesis, and amino-acid metabolism. Bile metabolomics combined with statistical analysis techniques can be used to accurately diagnose pCCA.
Background: Hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma (HSC), an extremely rare malignant tumor in clinical practice, mostly occurs in the right lobe and rarely in the left lobe of the liver. This paper reports a case of sarcomatoid carcinoma that occurred in the left outer lobe of the liver, accompanied by gastric stromal tumors (GSTs) of the greater curvature of the stomach, and the patient developed gastric metastasis of liver sarcomatoid carcinoma in the later stage.Case presentation: A 63-year-old male patient was diagnosed with both HSC and GST. With fever as the main clinical manifestation, the liver malignant tumor was detected after he underwent abdominal computer tomography (CT) and ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy at the local hospital. The patient came to our hospital for further treatment. During the next electronic gastroscopy, we found multiple submucosal tumors (SMT) in the stomach. Without multiple metastases in other parts, we performed left hepatic lobe resection with gastric partial resection, and the postoperative pathology determined the presence of HSC and GST. One month after surgery, the patient felt well, and the imaging examination found no obvious space-occupying lesions in other areas. Unfortunately, four months later, the patient showed pain in the upper left abdomen and found metastases in the stomach. We performed the operation on him again, and the patient recovered well after the operation. The patient was still alive at the time of writing this paper.Conclusion: Hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma lacks characteristic clinical manifestations and is highly malignant. Surgery is the first choice for the treatment of patients with HSC. For sarcomatoid cancer that occurs in the left lobe of the liver, we need to be highly vigilant against the tumor's invasion of the stomach tissue, especially when the tumor breaks through the capsule of the liver. In addition, during the operation, doctors need to perform delicate operations to avoid dissemination and metastasis of the gastrointestinal tract.
Background Hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma (HSC), an extremely rare malignant tumor in clinical practice, mostly occurs in the right lobe and rarely in the left lobe of the liver. This paper reports a case of sarcomatoid carcinoma that occurred in the left outer lobe of the liver, accompanied by gastric stromal tumors (GSTs) of the greater curvature of the stomach, and the patient developed gastric metastasis of liver sarcomatoid carcinoma in the later stage. Case presentation: A 63-year-old male patient was diagnosed with both HSC and GST. With fever as the main clinical manifestation, the liver malignant tumor was detected after he underwent abdominal computer tomography (CT) and ultrasound-guided percutaneous liver biopsy at the local hospital. The patient came to our hospital for further treatment. During the next electronic gastroscopy, we found multiple submucosal tumors (SMT) in the stomach. Without multiple metastases in other parts, we performed left hepatic lobe resection with gastric partial resection, and the postoperative pathology determined the presence of HSC and GST. One month after surgery, the patient felt well, and the imaging examination found no obvious space-occupying lesions in other areas. Unfortunately, four months later, the patient showed pain in the upper left abdomen and found metastases in the stomach. We performed the operation on him again, and the patient recovered well after the operation. The patient was still alive at the time of writing this paper. Conclusion Hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma lacks characteristic clinical manifestations and is highly malignant. Surgery is the first choice for the treatment of patients with HSC. For sarcomatoid cancer that occurs in the left lobe of the liver, we need to be highly vigilant against the tumor's invasion of the stomach tissue, especially when the tumor breaks through the capsule of the liver. In addition, during the operation, doctors need to perform delicate operations to avoid dissemination and metastasis of the gastrointestinal tract.
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