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Digitization and lightning expansions in digital technology have made it possible to collect data on almost anything, making it easier to quantify and integrate the collected data. The diffusion of IoT technologies has fostered the government-citizen relationship, creating a powerful argument for public value creation. Thus, IoT service orchestration can influence the development and trustworthiness of intention to use behavior. This study aims to explore the success factors of IoT service orchestration to create public value in smart government by integrating ISST and cognitive trust into TAM. Based on the literature and research outcomes, a comprehensive IoT-based Public Value Model (IoT-PVM) was developed to provide a complete picture of system success. This conceptual model is validated analytically through a quantitative method using PLS-SEM. The findings highlight that IoT service orchestration can enable the government to deliver public value, just as public trust has a parental role in building citizens' positive behavior intentions towards the use of IoT in e-government services. The model explains 71.8% variance in perceived ease of use, 59.7% in public trust, 62.6% in perceived usefulness, 61.9% in usage behavior intention, and 69.8% of public value creation. The study results and discussion offer valuable insights regarding the public value creation of IoTempowered public services and also contribute to academic research literature and are practically helpful for policymakers for designing IoT service orchestration and making government smarter, more transparent, and responsive to citizens.

Correct patterning of left-right (LR) asymmetry is essential during the embryonic development of bilaterians. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is known to play a role in LR asymmetry development of mouse, chicken and sea urchin embryos by regulating expression. In this study, we report a novel regulatory mechanism for in LR asymmetry development of amphioxus embryos. Our results revealed that embryos abolish () transcription, with bilaterally symmetric expression of , and In consequence, mutants duplicated left-side structures and lost right-side characters, displaying an abnormal bilaterally symmetric body plan. These LR defects in morphology and gene expression could be rescued by mRNA injection. Our results indicate that participates in amphioxus LR patterning by controlling gene expression. Curiously, however, upregulation of Hh signaling failed to alter the expression pattern or LR morphology in amphioxus embryos, indicating that Hh might not provide an asymmetric cue for expression. In addition, is required for mouth opening in amphioxus, hinting at a homologous relationship between amphioxus and vertebrate mouth development.

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In vertebrate embryos Hedgehog (Hh) is expressed by notochord and floorplate cells, and ventral neural cells are patterned by the activities of Hh-regulated transcription factors. Hh signalling is antagonised by signals from the dorsal neural tube, and loss of Hh leads to loss of ventral patterning in the neural tube as the dorsal pattern expands. These mechanisms are critical for producing the neurons that implement motor responses to sensory inputs, but understanding how they evolved has been hindered by lack of insight from commonly-studied invertebrates where nervous system morphology and genetic mechanisms are not conserved with those of vertebrates. The invertebrate chordate amphioxus, which expresses Hh in its notochord and floorplate, provides a window into the pre-vertebrate condition. We have examined amphioxus neural development by manipulating function of Hh and downstream genes involved in neural pattern and cell identity. We show that Hh signalling regulates the differentiation of some neurons in amphioxus, including a subset of motor neurons. This demonstrates some conservation of mechanism between vertebrates and amphioxus. However other aspects of neural patterning differ between the two lineages, with amphioxus lacking aspects important in vertebrates. We suggest the complexity of Hhdependent neural patterning in vertebrates evolved in a step-wise manner. Initial recruitment of Hh occurred in an ancestor to the chordates to regulate the differentiation of a subset of neurons. This was followed, in the vertebrate lineage, by additional changes to the gene regulatory network downstream of Hh, which gave Hh a broader role in dorsal-ventral neural patterning.

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Purpose This study aims to fulfill the research gap by suggesting an appropriate and adaptable e-government (e-gov) maturity model for Pakistan not just in the abstract pattern relatively but also in a practical solution assured by the industry experts. Design/methodology/approach The qualitative research approach using key informants from the public sector domain; furthermore, e-gov performance artifacts were verified by the citizens through the process of focus group interviews. Findings The major finding of the study is the development of e-gov maturity model with implementations artifacts in proposed stages as follows: availability, interaction, integration, transactions and public participation. Research limitations/implications This study contributes a qualitative meta-synthesis in the field of e-gov maturity models and could support researchers who are in a quest of knowledge and references to develop new maturity models for their specific countries by providing them with useful resources for further investigation and study. Practical implications This maturity model will strengthen the argument that the e-gov services are necessary for the acceptance behaviour of the citizens and the prosperous public administration by the Government in Pakistan. This research strengthens the science-policy interface that has prevented governments from delivering changes on the ground to the public, and it will also identify diversified opportunities for the e-gov sector that can reverse the lack of investment in this domain. Social implications The study intends to provide directions to policymakers for the development of e-gov services for the citizens. Additionally, the public value of e-gov can be better understood in the form of citizens’ expectations from the government and this model will integrate public participation in the development of e-gov service. Originality/value The public value of e-gov can be better understood in the form citizens’ expectations from the government through this maturity model, furthermore, it can be recommended that the government can improve the relationship between the citizens and the state through the use of information and communication technologies which will strengthen the democratic process in Pakistan.

The wide acceptability of ICTs and social media enriches the delivery platform of e-government (E-gov) services. The public can explore problems, provide ideas, and design solutions to improve E-gov services (EGS) in a convenient and timely manner. The role of the public transforms from passive users to active, informed partners or co-creators of EGS innovations and problem solving. However, value cocreation is an interactive process, and service value can only be created through joint efforts of all participants. This study builds an influence factor model of public engaging intention towards EGS value co-creation, based on technology acceptance theory, trust theory, and motivation theory, to explore the impact factors and impact paths. Comprehensive validation is further conducted through path analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) methods. Path analysis interprets how the public will accept and adopt value co-creation behavior for EGS. The results presented in this study might be helpful for government policymakers or IT managers seeking to enhance EGS value creation through designing more effective incentive mechanisms. This study also introduces a comprehensive picture of the potential paradigm of public service value creation in an era of increasing user dominance.INDEX TERMS E-gov service, value co-creation, technology acceptance, public engaging intention, social media.