1. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of celastrol in rats. 2. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups: control group and test group. Test group was pretreated with glycyrrhizin at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 10 days, and then the two groups were orally administered with celastrol at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The concentration of celastrol was determined using a sensitive and reliable LC-MS method. 3. The results showed that glycyrrhizin could significantly decrease the plasma concentration (from 64.36 ng/mL to 38.42 ng/mL) and AUC (from 705.39 to 403.43 μg·h/L) of celastrol in rats. To investigate its potential mechanism, the effects of glycyrrhizin on the transport and metabolic stability of celastrol were investigated using Caco-2 cell monolayer transwell model and rat liver microsome incubation systems. The Caco-2 cell monolayer transwell experiments indicated that glycyrrhizin could increase the efflux ratio of celastrol (4.02 versus 6.51). However, the rat liver microsome incubation experiments showed that glycyrrhizin could significantly increase the intrinsic clearance rate of celastrol from 20.3 ± 3.37 to 38.8 ± 4.18 μL/min/mg protein. 4. In conclusion, these results indicated that the herb-drug interaction between glycyrrhizin and celastrol might occur when they were coadministered.

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Aims: To introduce a new method of intra-operative application of ultrasonography (US) combined with limited radiography to treat supracondylar humerus fractures in children and evaluate its effect on radiation protection.Material and methods: Fifty patients were randomly divided into the radiography-only group (RO group, n = 22) and the US combined with the limited radiography group (UR group, n = 28). US was performed to evaluate fracture displacement and to guide reduction in the UR group. The primary outcome measures were the average number of radiography instances and the quantitative value of radiation emission. Secondary outcome measures were length of hospital stays, loss of range of motion, loss of carrying angle, loss of Baumann angle, fracture healing time, pin site infection, compartment syndrome, cubitus varus, cubitus valgus, and iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury.Results: Average number of radiography instances and quantitative value of radiation emission in the UR group decreased compared with the RO group (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups regarding mean time to surgery, the average length of hospital stays, average surgery time, radiological union time, Flynn grade, or loss of Baumann angle. Pin site infection was seen in one patient in the RO group and two patients in the UR group. No other complications occurred.Conclusion: Intra-operative application of US combined with limited radiography decreases radiation exposure during treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures in children without compromising the therapeutic effect.