There is increasing recognition that the wide use of nanoparticles, such as Cu (CuNPs) and ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs), may pose risks to the environment. Currently there is insufficient insight in the contribution of metal-based nanoparticles and their dissolved ions to the overall toxicity and accumulation. To fill in this gap, we combined the fate assessment of CuNPs and ZnONPs in aquatic test media with the assessment of toxicity and accumulation of ions and particles present in the suspensions. It was found that at the LC50 level of Daphnia magna exposed to the nanoparticle suspensions, the relative contributions of ions released from CuNPs and ZnONPs to toxicity were around 26% and 31%, respectively, indicating that particles rather than the dissolved ions were the major source of toxicity. It was additionally found that at the low exposure concentrations of CuNPs and ZnONPs (below 0.05 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively) the dissolved ions were predominantly accumulated, whereas at the high exposure concentrations (above 0.1 mg/L and 1 mg/L, respectively), particles rather than the released ions played a dominant role in the accumulation process. Our results thus suggest that consideration on the contribution of dissolved ions to nanoparticle toxicity needs to be interpreted with care.
A species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) ranks the tested species according to their sensitivity to a certain ENM. An SSD may be used to estimate the maximum acceptable concentrations of ENMs for the purpose of environmental risk assessment. To construct SSDs for metal-based ENMs, more than 1800 laboratory derived toxicity records of metallic ENMs from >300 publications or open access scientific reports were retrieved. SSDs were developed for the metallic ENMs grouped by surface coating, size, shape, exposure duration, light exposure, and different toxicity endpoints. It was found that PVP- and sodium citrate- coatings enhance the toxicity of Ag ENMs as concluded from the relevant SSDs. For the Ag ENMs with different size ranges, differences in behavior and/or effect were only observed at high exposure concentrations. The SSDs of Ag ENMs separated by both shape and exposure duration were all nearly identical. Crustaceans were found to be the most vulnerable group to metallic ENMs. In spite of the uncertainties of the results caused by limited data quality and availability, the present study provided novel information about building SSDs for distinguished ENMs and contributes to the further development of SSDs for metal-based ENMs.
Gathering required information in a fast and inexpensive way is essential for assessing the risks of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). The extension of conventional (quantitative) structure-activity relationships ((Q)SARs) approach to nanotoxicology, i.e., nano-(Q)SARs, is a possible solution. The preliminary attempts of correlating ENMs’ characteristics to the biological effects elicited by ENMs highlighted the potential applicability of (Q)SARs in the nanotoxicity field. This review discusses the current knowledge on the development of nano-(Q)SARs for metallic ENMs, on the aspects of data sources, reported nano-(Q)SARs, and mechanistic interpretation. An outlook is given on the further development of this frontier. As concluded, the used experimental data mainly concern the uptake of ENMs by different cell lines and the toxicity of ENMs to cells lines and Escherichia coli. The widely applied techniques of deriving models are linear and non-linear regressions, support vector machine, artificial neural network, k-nearest neighbors, etc. Concluded from the descriptors, surface properties of ENMs are seen as vital for the cellular uptake of ENMs; the capability of releasing ions and surface redox properties of ENMs are of importance for evaluating nanotoxicity. This review aims to present key advances in relevant nano-modeling studies and stimulate future research efforts in this quickly developing field of research.
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