Objective We conducted a pilot study of whether nonpathologists could accurately diagnose cervical precancer in biopsies using only a basic light microscope, evaluating p16INK4a immunohistochemistry (p16 IHC) of biopsies, and video-based training for both. Materials and Methods Using biopsies collected as part of a screening study conducted in rural China, we randomly selected 50 biopsies with a precancerous diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) or more severe (CIN2+) and 50 biopsies with diagnosis of CIN less severe than CIN2, and stained them for p16 using a commercial IHC kit. Twelve nonpathologists of varying educational backgrounds living in Beijing, China received video training and were assigned one of 4 sets of 25 CIN2+ and 25 CIN less severe than CIN2 for evaluation. A pathologist reviewed all 100 cases. Results The mean sensitivity and specificity of the p16 IHC staining scored by the nonpathologists were 91.7% and 94.1%, respectively, compared to scoring by the pathologist. The readers and the pathologist agreed on p16 IHC scoring for 42 (84%) of the 50 slides of CIN less severe than CIN2 and 37 (74%) of the 50 CIN2+ slides. The mean sensitivity and specificity for consensus CIN2+ of p16 IHC as scored by the readers were 88% and 87%, respectively, versus an overall sensitivity and specificity by the pathologist of 96% and 92%, respectively. Conclusions We demonstrated that nonpathologists can accurately diagnose CIN2+ using p16 IHC alone.
Copper slag, containing more than 40 wt% iron, is often used for pavement of roads, building bricks and cement etc. The level of this traditional utilization technology is very poor. In this study, a new method of comprehensive utilization of copper slag was investigated. The iron of copper slag was recovered and the residual slag was transformed into glass-ceramics within the same process involving iron reduction, iron-glass separation and glass crystallization. The experimental results indicated that the ratio of iron recovery was more than 99% and the crystalline phase of the obtained glass-ceramics was diopside. With the extension of crystallization time, the content of crystalline phase and the size of crystals of the glass-ceramics increase.
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