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Perforation behavior of 3 mm/3 mm double-spaced aluminum plates by PTFE/Al/W (Polytetrafluoroethylene/Aluminum/Tungsten) reactive projectiles with densities ranging from 2.27 to 7.80 g/cm3 was studied experimentally and theoretically. Ballistic experiments show that the failure mode of the front plate transforms from petalling failure to plugging failure as projectile density increases. Theoretical prediction of the critical velocities for the reactive projectiles perforating the double-spaced plates is proposed, which is consistent with the experimental results and well represents the perforation performance of the projectiles. Dimensionless formulae for estimating the perforation diameter and deflection height of the front plates are obtained through dimensional analysis, indicating material density and strength are dominant factors to determine the perforation size. High-speed video sequences of the perforation process demonstrate that high-density reactive projectiles make greater damage to the rear plates because of the generation of projectile debris streams. Specifically, the maximum spray angle of the debris streams and the crater number in the debris concentration area of the rear plate both increase with the projectile density and initial velocity.

To obtain an operation curve of a train with minimum energy-consumption and improve the utilization of regenerative braking energy without changing equipment and infrastructure, this paper proposes a new optimization method of energy-saving for a train based on an improved chicken swarm optimization algorithm after analyzing the calculation method of energy-consumption for a train and improving the chicken swarm optimization algorithm. On this basis, this paper establishes an optimization model of energy-saving for a train by taking minimum energy-consumption, accurate stopping and punctuality as optimization objectives, and solves the model with the improved chicken swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, a simulation analysis for the method proposed in this paper is performed by using MATLAB software with the running parameters of Nanning metro line 1 in China. The results of the simulation analysis show that the method proposed in this paper is effective in solving the optimization problem of train energy-saving. INDEX TERMS Improved chicken swarm optimization, optimization of train energy-saving, optimization of train operational scheme.

Abstract-The deficiency in existing sugar cane crystallization automatic control system is difficult to measure some key parameters on line, such as mother liquor supersaturation, mother liquor purity, crystal content and crystal size distribution. Controlling brix with PID can only reflect the massecuite concentration of sugar cane crystallization process, but it is hard to guarantee the crystal quality. During crystallization process, change of mother liquor purity will affect the crystallization rate and supersaturation. The less mother liquor purity in the final stage is, the better absorption of crystals have. Crystal size distribution, including mean area (MA) and coefficient of variation (CV), influences the quantity and quality of crystals. In order to produce sucrose which has uniform size and small coefficient of variation, it's necessary to study the law of crystal size for sugar cane crystallization. According to the difficulties in measuring some key parameters, an intelligent integrated measuring and controlling system is researched by this paper. The overall structure of this system is designed at first, and also the monitoring system of host computer is developed. Combining with data-driven modeling and hybrid modeling method, the intelligent soft-sensor component for sugar cane crystallization process is implemented. This system realizes automatic monitoring of sugar cane crystallization process, which includes on-line measurement of mother liquor supersaturation, mother liquor purity, crystal content and crystal size distribution (CSD). Experimental results show that this designed intelligent integrated measuring and controlling system for sugar cane crystallization process has not only achieved great on-line prediction for immeasurable parameters, but also has good openness and scalability, which can provide complete parameter detection for the implementation of sugar cane crystallization automatic control system.