Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites produced by plants, and their study has been increased in recent years due to their ability to improve human health. The aim of this work was the determination of phenolic compounds presents in blue corn flour before and after a fermentation process, where different proportions were used of blue corn (Zea mays L.) flour and Czapek Dox culture medium (90 mL of culture medium with 10 g of blue corn flour, 80 mL of culture medium with 20 g of blue corn flour and 70 mL of culture medium with 30 g of blue corn flour) and were fermented at 3 different times (20, 25 and 30 days) with the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides fungus. A determination of the phenolic compounds was carried out with five standard solutions, which were cyanidin 3-glucoside (CYA), pelargonidin 3-glucoside (PEL), chlorogenic acid (CLA), quercetin (QRC) and cinnamic acid (CA). The obtained results showed the presence of CA and PEL. The most abundant phenolic compound in the fermented samples was CLA over the naturally occurring compounds in blue corn, which are CYA and PEL. QRC was the phenolic compound with the lowest concentration in blue corn flour samples fermented with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.
The objective of this study was to determine and compare, seasonally, across two consecutive years the chemical composition, intake, ruminal fermentation and plasma concentrations of glucose (G), urea-N (UN), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and insulin in grazing steers. Data were analysed as repeated measures within a split plot design. The crude protein (CP), metabolisable protein (MP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and metabolisable energy (ME) were different within years and seasons (PB0.05). The values for organic matter intake (OMI), CP intake (CPI) and metabolisable protein intake (MPI) were greater in wet season (P B0.01). The pH values were not affected by years and seasons (P 0.05). Ruminal ammonia (NH 3 ÁN) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were lower during dry season than during wet season (P B0.05). The plasma concentrations of G, UN, and insulin were higher in the wet season (PB0.05); however, the NEFA concentrations were higher in the dry season (PB0.05). The variables corresponding to chemical composition, intake, ruminal fermentation and concentrations of metabolites and hormones were affected over time by the years and seasons.
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