Intergenerational relations of attachment, including adult state of mind, adult care giving quality, and infant behavior, were examined in urban and rural samples. The sample included 66 dyads of contrasting populations, 35 middle-high urban Spanish speaking families and 31 rural Indian peasant families. Measures included the Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985 /1996), home observations of mother-infant, and the Strange Situation attachment assessment (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978 ). Reliability among independent coders of Spanish AAI transcripts was established for the first time. Moreover, significant relations among the instruments were found, supporting the validity of the AAI to predict infant's attachment classifications and mothers sensitive care of their infants across cultures. Results further supported the cross-cultural robustness of core features of attachment theory and, to some extent, the pathway from adult state of mind through responsive care to attachment security.

This paper describes a study of mathematical argumentation in primary school. The principal aim is to explore the nature of complex argumentation at a structural level. The context of the study was a teaching experiment involving nine tasks that promoted argumentation among fifth graders. We use the framework and method of reconstructing complex argumentation in the classroom proposed by Knipping (2008). The findings show that complex argumentation at a structural level in the context of refuting conclusions is characterized by a source-like structure with the addition of a new refutation argument element.Handle: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/57623Scopus record and citations

This paper reports on the characterization of the inductive reasoning used by middle school mathematics teachers to solve a task of generalization of a quadratic pattern. The data was collected from individual interviews and the written answers to the generalization task. The analysis was based on the representations and justifications used to move from particular cases to the formulation of the general rule. Three processes characterize the inductive reasoning of the mathematics teachers to obtain a general rule: observation of regularities, establishment of a pattern and formulation of a generalization; while some teachers revealed problems in moving from the observation of regularities to the formulation of a generalization. Therefore, some difficulties in generalizing associated with these processes are also mentioned.

This article examines the development of professional knowledge in pre-service mathematics teachers. From the discussion of a task associated with the multiplication of consecutive integer numbers, generalization is recognized as a process that allows to explore, to explain, and to validate mathematical results, and as an essential ability to develop in the teaching of arithmetic, algebra, and geometry by using various representations. The study was conducted during three sessions of a didactic mathematics course, in which the instructor and ten students participated. The conversations of each session were recorded on audio and video. It was found that the reflective conversation fosters this knowledge from questions about the nature and processes of construction of mathematical concepts from a mathematical and didactic point of view.

El artículo reporta las estrategias utilizadas por niños de quinto grado de primaria, junto con las diferentes formas de uso en la resolución de tres problemas de generalización de patrones lineales. El estudio se sustenta en las formas de proceder y en las diferentes formas de representación que usaron para establecer una conclusión o responder a una cuestión. Se identificaron siete tipos de estrategias y quince formas de su uso, examinadas durante seis sesiones en un experimento de enseñanza. Los resultados destacan que las estrategias de contar y recursiva ayudaron a los niños en el uso de estrategias como las de diferencia, objeto-entero, fragmentar, funcional y otras. Estas estrategias presentan de una a tres diferentes formas de uso, lo que manifiesta la diversidad de caminos utilizados por los niños en la generalización de patrones lineales.