This systematic review focuses on the clinical features, physical examination findings, outcomes, and underlying pathology of acute telogen effluvium (TE), a type of diffuse hair loss, occurring in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) recovered patients. MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase databases were queried till October 2021 to identify studies reporting acute TE occurring after COVID‐19 recovery. Data were obtained from 19 studies, which included 465 patients who were diagnosed with acute TE. The median age of these patients was 44 years and 67.5% were females. The most common trichoscopic findings were decreased hair density, the presence of empty follicles, or short regrowing hair. The mean duration from COVID‐19 symptom onset to the appearance of acute TE was 74 days, which is earlier than classic acute TE. Most patients recovered from hair loss, while a few patients had persistent hair fall. Our results highlight the need to consider the possibility of post‐COVID‐19 acute TE in patients presenting with hair fall, with a history of COVID‐19 infection, in the context of COVID‐19 pandemic. Despite being a self‐limiting condition, hair loss post‐COVID‐19 is a stressful manifestation. Identifying COVID‐19 infection as a potential cause of acute TE will help the clinicians counsel the patients, relieving them from undue stress.

Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors are neoplasms that originate in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are derived from the neuroendocrine cells. It is rare for these tumors to be detected before they develop metastases, and they are often discovered incidentally during surgery for other abdominal conditions. Currently, various treatment options are available for managing these tumors, such as surgery, which is usually the most effective treatment. The type of surgery depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, the patient's comorbidities, and the presence of carcinoid syndrome. As a result of the low probability of metastasizing, surgery is typically the best treatment option for neuroendocrine tumors of type I. NETs of type II and III are the most aggressive and require a formal gastrostomy, whereas NETs of type IV are treated with local ablation or cytotoxic chemotherapy. The first line of pharmacological treatment is somatostatin analogs (SSAs); they inhibit hormone production and tumor cell proliferation by binding to G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). Another option is Telotristat, which inhibits tryptophan hydroxylase - 1 (TPH-1) in the digestive tract, thereby reducing serotonin production. The treatment of patients with carcinoid syndrome who are refractory to SSAs could be improved by peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), which uses radiolabeled somatostatin analogs to target overexpressed somatostatin receptors in well-differentiated NETs.

Heart failure (HF) affects the heart's structure and function. It is considered a complex clinical syndrome attributed to any anatomic or physiologic impairment of the ejection of blood or ventricular filling. The incidence of this clinical condition is increasing and causing a significant impact on healthcare systems worldwide. Since the pathophysiology of HF is well understood, treatment options have had significant advancements. Initially, many compensatory mechanisms are helpful, but over time they contribute to the progression of the disease, such as increased adrenergic activity, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, and secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). These may cause progressive myocardial damage. For this reason, different groups of drugs are used for managing HF, targeting different points of the physiopathology of HF. An instance is the drug combination sacubitril/valsartan, which increases BNP levels while simultaneously inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Other examples include sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), which lower blood pressure, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators that cause smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation, beta-blockers (BBs), which lower heart rate and contractility, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), which maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis. This article is aimed to identify when these medications are recommended, and to point out the recently FDA-approved SGLT2i and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) stimulator (vericiguat), taking into account their adverse effects, symptoms, and comorbidities of the patient that may worsen the disease process.

Migraine is a disabling type of headache due to a neurovascular disorder characterized by moderate to severe pain and specific associated features. Migraine has a high incidence and prevalence, affecting 20% of people at some point in their lives; women are more affected than men. There have been many pharmacologic options that have been used to treat acute migraine over the last years. Nevertheless, this article aims to point out the new drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitor and review the traditional pharmacologic options and their combination available. There are two classes of CGRP inhibitors: small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists and anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Their indications depend on the patient’s comorbidity, preference, and side effects. Due to their non-vasoconstrictive property, CGRP inhibitors can be considered a treatment option for patients with a contraindication of triptans and ergot alkaloids use. Another strategy to treat migraine attacks after they start is triptans. Therefore, this drug is considered an abortive therapy. However, triptans have many contraindications and drug interactions. Additionally, it should not be used for more than ten days per month to avoid the development of medication overuse headaches. Another classic group of drugs proven to be effective and safe for mild to moderate headache therapy is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Their easy access and lower cost are the most attractive advantages of this drug. Migraine treatment is not easy, and it might be necessary to use more than one drug. Combination drugs can be used as a first-line or second-line therapy, and they can also be helpful for refractory migraine treatment. Due to the different mechanisms of action, it can enhance the results of another drug or improve its effects. This treatment regimen can be used as the first or second line, depending on the context of the patient. Since migraine is a prevalent condition, all medical professionals must be up to date on migraine treatment methods because studies in this area are lacking.