The increasing use of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation, many of which have an unpredictably intermittent nature, will inevitably lead to a greater need for electricity storage. Although there are many existing and emerging storage technologies, most have limitations in terms of geographical constraints, high capital cost or low cycle life, and few are of sufficient scale (in terms of both power and storage capacity) for integration at the transmission and distribution levels. This paper is concerned with a relatively new concept which will be referred to here as Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (PTES), and which may be able to make a significant contribution towards future storage needs. During charge, PTES makes use of a high temperature-ratio heat pump to convert electrical energy into thermal energy which is stored as 'sensible heat' in two thermal reservoirs, one hot and one cold. When required, the thermal energy is then converted back to electricity by effectively running the heat pump backwards as a heat engine. The paper focuses on thermodynamic aspects of PTES, including energy and power density, and the various sources of irreversibility and their impact on round-trip efficiency.
with Mg? And can alloying be used to produce such insoluble compounds.Imperative Defensive Research: The corrosion mechanism indicates that stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a concern. Moreover, there is the expectation that environment assisted cracking (EAC) (including SCC and hydrogen embrittlement (HE)) failures will increase with increased use of Mg alloys in load bearing applications. The low incidence of service SCC failures can be attributable to low actual stresses in service in the past. However, the incidence of EAC is expected to increase because the service conditions for Mg alloys are changing, particularly in the automobile industry where magnesium components are being increasingly used in structural load-bearing applications. Furthermore, increased loading on these magnesium components is a natural progression as designers increase the loads and decrease the section sizes of components as part of the environment imperative to decrease weight. Moreover, the magnesium components in the load bearing applications are increasing in complexity, and this increasing complexity increases the probability of high loads in some parts of such components. It is imperative that research is undertaken to provide understanding of this issue before there are some service incidents. It is important to understand (1) environmental influences and (2) alloys influence.The study of the localised corrosion of the current alloys is needed for a deeper understanding of their corrosion behavior. It is known that localised corrosion is the most common form of corrosion for magnesium alloys, but so far there have been no mechanistic studies of this form of corrosion for magnesium alloys. In addition, it necessary to understand the corrosion performance of existing (and new) alloys so that it is possible to make engineering decisions about their service performance.
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