The article analyses the literature in terms of an attempt to define the concept of green competences and to specify their types. The main objectives in the field of environmental protection in the cement industry, resulting from the European Green Deal, and described by the European Cement Association – CEMBUREAU were also indicated. The implementation of the assumed environmental goals will require high-budget investments, as well as the support of staff with green competences. The types of green competences indicated in the article are universal enough to be used not only in the cement industry, but also in other branches of the economy.

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National economic development largely depends on the development of the energy sector. Its condition is most commonly assessed based on the situation over the last year. An alternative approach, however, is to evaluate fluctuations in development that have occurred over a longer period. In this paper, both methodologies have been applied, in order to assess, based on the results, which of them is more accurate. The article hypothesizes that the second method is more accurate. To prove this empirically, values representing the energy development in various sectors (industrial, agricultural, transport, service and the other (miscellaneous) sectors) in various European countries over the 2009–2018 period were estimated. The development fluctuations that occurred during the period under consideration were evaluated according to two parameters—intensity and stability. The first parameter was taken to be the difference between the values representing energy development in a given sectors at the end and beginning of the period under consideration. The second parameter was taken as the aggregate change across consecutive time slots during which positive or negative fluctuations occurred. The value of energy development in a particular economic sector was estimated as the product of the latter coefficient and the development intensity indicator. Comparison of the results representing evaluation of energy development based on the methodology proposed, and the analysis of the situation in the last year for which data was available revealed that the results in both cases differed, with the values varying from 2% (for the transport sector) to 4.5% (for the agricultural sector). Taking into account the fact that the indicator representing energy development in particular economic sectors was estimated as a percentage of the total sectoral energy consumption, this difference was relatively significant (22.7 and 1.5% respectively). Thus, the findings suggest that application of the proposed methodology is relevant. The methodology provides a greater potential to adequately research issues related to national economic development.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has captured great attention and importance in recent years, particularly in the clothing industry. Currently, in order to respond to market requirements, clothing companies are increasing their focus on aspects related to production, working conditions and respect for human rights. The paper examines selected Polish and British clothing companies through the prism of CSR implementation in their business practices. The research objective of the paper is the assessment of the state of CSR advancement in Polish and British clothing companies. The paper presents the results of a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with mid-level managers of these companies. The empirical study described in this paper shows how social responsibility is understood by the representatives of Polish and British clothing companies, what kind of CSR activities are pursued by these companies, and how they benefit from these activities.

Purpose The purpose of the article is to show how employees of industrial organizations perceive the development of artificial intelligence (AI) within them and to gather their opinions on what AI solutions are most commonly used in Polish industry. The literature review pointed to the lack of knowledge on how employees of Polish industrial companies perceive the development of AI in their respective companies and what AI solutions they already use. Design/methodology/approach Literature review and surveys were used to collect the data. The study was carried out using a survey questionnaire. The sample was taken with a specific aim in mind: first, 30 entities were selected for that purpose, while in the second stage the employees (managers and specialists) were chosen from among those. Findings In most cases, employees are not afraid of losing their jobs due to the development of AI systems in their industries. They are positive about the use of solutions that include AI elements. In the opinion of the vast majority of respondents, modern technologies, including AI, help them in their work and facilitate it. Most popular current industrial applications are: robotic process automation technologies, Cognex cameras using neural networks, machine-learning and data technologies, distributed control systems (DSCs), enterprise resource planning (ERP)) systems, and security information and event management (SIEM) systems. Practical implication-Results of this research can be useful for developing programs aimed at reducing the fear and anxiety associated with the ongoing Industrial Revolution. Originality/value The presented research results are the only ones that show the opinions of employees regarding artificial intelligence in Polish organizations.