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The global 'land grab' debate is going urban and needs a specific conceptual framework to analyze the diverse modalities through which land commodification and speculation are transforming cities across the globe. This article identifies new avenues for research on urban land issues by drawing on an extensive body of academic literature and concrete cases of urban land transformations in Asia, Latin America and Africa. These transformations are analyzed by focusing on three types of urban investments-investments in property, investments in public space and public services, and investments in speculation, image building and 'worlding'-and the way these investments are intermingled with and enhanced by processes of gentrification and speculative urbanism. Addressing real estate and infrastructure investments, speculation and gentrification through a land-based lens allows us to deepen the discussion on urban land governance in the global South. We argue that urban land acquisition cannot be thoroughly understood in isolation from the workings of urban real estate markets, public policies, and displacement processes. The urban land grab debate needs to consider the dialectic interplay between land use change and general socio-spatial transformations both in central-or recentralized-and peripheral areas. This is why we plea for a kaleidoscopic perspective on urban land governance by uncovering the complex patchwork of urban land acquisitions and their diverse temporalities and spatialities, their hybrid character in terms of actors involved, and the multiple and often unpredicted ways in which urban dwellers try to gain control over and access to urban land.
The focus of recent studies on street vending in Latin American cities has made a noteworthy shift from street vendors' conflicts with local governments to their resistance strategies. These studies explore how street vendors organize themselves against political repression and consider resistance in terms of collective action or organized protest. However, this article challenges this narrow focus on collective resistance strategies by analysing street vendors' collective and individual strategies for dealing with intensified control and for challenging the measures used by local governments. Drawing on the empirical case of itinerant street vendors in the tourist streets of Cusco, Peru, the article shows that these vendors adopt multiple and fragmented practices of political agency that enable them to make a livelihood in tourism. These less explicit and often more individualized ways of expressing agency are crucial to better understand how itinerant vendors manage to remain in the tourist streets of Cusco. They also explain why some vendors are more powerful than others in challenging repressive policies and benefiting from the global industry that is tourism.
Résumé
Les études récentes consacrées à la vente ambulante dans les villes sud‐américaines ont opéré une importante réorientation, abandonnant les conflits entre les vendeurs de rue et les autorités locales pour s’intéresser à leurs stratégies de résistance. Elles examinent comment ces vendeurs s’organisent contre la répression politique et envisagent la résistance en termes d’action collective ou de protestation structurée. Cependant, cet article conteste cet intérêt limité pour les méthodes de résistance collective en analysant les stratégies individuelles et collectives des colporteurs pour faire face à l’intensification des contrôles et contester les mesures appliquées par les autorités locales. À partir du cas empirique des vendeurs dans les rues touristiques de Cusco au Pérou, l’article montre que ceux‐ci adoptent des pratiques multiples et fragmentées d’agence politique qui leur permettent de vivre du tourisme. Ces façons moins explicites et souvent plus individualisées d’exprimer leur agence sont essentielles pour mieux comprendre comment ils parviennent à rester dans les rues touristiques de Cusco. Elles expliquent aussi pourquoi certains d’entre eux sont mieux armés que d’autres pour affronter les politiques répressives et tirer profit de l’industrie mondialisée qu’est le tourisme.
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