Imaging modality-specific and MRI sequence-specific reference data are needed in age estimation. A higher in-plane resolution and a bite bar increase assessability of apical closure, whereas they do not affect stage allocation of assessable apices.
Background The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in forensic age estimation has been explored extensively during the past decade.Objective To synthesize the available MRI data for forensic age estimation in living children and young adults, and to provide a comprehensive overview that can guide age estimation practice and future research.Materials and Methods MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science were searched. Additionally, cited and citing articles and study registers were searched. Two authors independently selected articles, conducted data extraction, and assessed risk of bias. Study populations including living subjects up to 30 years were considered.Results Fifty-five studies were included in qualitative analysis and 33 in quantitative analysis. Most studies suffered from bias, including relatively small European (Caucasian) populations, varying MR-approaches and varying staging techniques. Therefore, pooling of the age distribution data was not appropriate.Reproducibility of staging was remarkably lower in clavicles than in any other anatomical structure. Age estimation performance was in line with the gold standard, which uses radiographs, with mean absolute errors ranging from 0.85 to 2.0 years. The proportion of correctly classified minors ranged from 65% to 91%. Multifactorial age estimation performed better than based on a single anatomical site. ConclusionMore multi-factorial age estimation studies are necessary, together with studies testing if the MRI data can safely be pooled. The current review results can guide future studies, help medical professionals to decide on the preferred approach for specific cases, and help judicial professionals to interpret the evidential value of age estimation results.
The coronoid process is an anatomical part of the mandible that serves as the attachment for the temporalis muscle, buccinator muscle, and the anterior part of the masseter muscle. In classic anatomy, it is described as a sharp triangular-shaped structure in extension of the anterior border of the mandibular ramus. In reality, this structure shows great morphological variety, including hook-shaped type, triangular type, or rounded type. In the study of Lalitha and Sridevi 1 , the majority (73.9%) of mandibles had the same type of coronoid process on both sides, while 26.1% of the cases showed different types on the two sides. Allometric variation can be established in mandibular shape in humans, with taller individuals having superoinferiorly taller rami with more anteriorly-oriented and higher coronoid processes and a corresponding deeper sigmoid notch 2 .Mandibular coronoid process hyperplasia (MCPH) is an uncommon congenital or developmental condition that is characterized by a macroscopic increase in the size of the coronoid process with a normal histologic structure of the bone. MCPH can exist as a uni-or bilateral condition and causes a slow and progressive reduction of mouth opening. Restricted mouth opening results from impingement of the coronoid process on the medial surface of the zygomatic arch [3][4][5] . Unilateral MCPH can involve facial asymmetry with deviation toward the affected side 5 . Langenbeck was the first to report MCPH in 1853, and the first case of restricted mouth opening due to coronoid process enlargement was reported in 1899 by Jacob 3 . Jacob's disease refers to the condition where the coronoid process creates a new joint with the zygomatic process.The pathogenesis of MCPH remains unclear. Several factors might be associated with development of MCPH 6,7 . History of facial trauma and, in particular, zygomatic arch trauma is thought to be a contributing factor in some cases [8][9][10][11]
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