BackgroundLarge numbers of post-deployment U.S. veterans are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or traumatic brain injury (TBI), leading to an urgent need for effective interventions to reduce symptoms and increase veterans’ coping. PTSD includes anxiety, flashbacks, and emotional numbing. The symptoms increase health care costs for stress-related illnesses and can make veterans’ civilian life difficult.MethodsWe used a randomized wait-list controlled design with repeated measures of U.S. military veterans to address our specific aim to test the efficacy of a 6-week therapeutic horseback riding (THR) program for decreasing PTSD symptoms and increasing coping self-efficacy, emotion regulation, social and emotional loneliness.Fifty-seven participants were recruited and 29 enrolled in the randomized trial. They were randomly assigned to either the horse riding group (n = 15) or a wait-list control group (n = 14). The wait-list control group experienced a 6-week waiting period, while the horse riding group began THR. The wait-list control group began riding after 6 weeks of participating in the control group.Demographic and health history information was obtained from all the participants. PTSD symptoms were measured using the standardized PTSD Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M).The PCL-M as well as other instruments including, The Coping Self Efficacy Scale (CSES), The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and The Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults-short version (SELSA) were used to access different aspects of individual well-being and the PTSD symptoms.ResultsParticipants had a statistically significant decrease in PTSD scores after 3 weeks of THR (P ≤ 0.01) as well as a statistically and clinically significant decrease after 6 weeks of THR (P ≤ 0.01). Logistic regression showed that participants had a 66.7% likelihood of having lower PTSD scores at 3 weeks and 87.5% likelihood at 6 weeks. Under the generalized linear model(GLM), our ANOVA findings for the coping self-efficacy, emotion regulation, and social and emotional loneliness did not reach statistical significance. The results for coping self-efficacy and emotion regulation trended in the predicted direction. Results for emotional loneliness were opposite the predicted direction. Logistic regression provided validation that outcome effects were caused by riding longer.ConclusionThe findings suggest that THR may be a clinically effective intervention for alleviating PTSD symptoms in military veterans.

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Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have deficits in social skills, and interaction with service dogs has been associated with increased social skills for children with ASD. In this telephone survey of 70 parents of children with ASD, children owning dogs had greater Mean scores for social skills, using the Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scale, while those with some type of pet (not excluding dogs) had significantly greater skills for subscale item "assertion". Parents described their children as attached to their dogs. Children owning dogs completed the Companion Animal Bonding Scale, and reported strong bonding with dogs. These findings suggest children with ASD may bond with their dogs, and pet ownership may be associated with increased social skills.

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Their Dogs One in 88 children may have autism. This study compared the social skills of children with autism who lived with and who did not live with pet dogs. The families were also asked questions about owning a dog. During a telephone call, parents were asked questions to about the social skills of their children with autism. Children who lived with dogs were asked eight questions about what they did with their dog, and how they felt about their dog. Seventy parents agreed to answer questions, and 47 of them owned dogs. Children who lived with dogs had better scores on the social skills questions than those who did not have dogs, but the difference was small. The longer a family owned a dog, the better their children's social skills. In families that owned any kind of pet, children with autism had more social skills in "assertion," than children with no pets. Assertion is starting a conversation with other people, or responding to other people when they start a conversation. Eighty-nine percent of parents who owned dogs, said their children were "very attached" to their dogs. Most children were more attached to small dogs. Parents said the burdens of owning dogs were problems when they traveled, and the time and cost of caring for dogs. Parents said the benefits for children, of a dog were teaching children responsibility, giving them companionship and unconditional love. This was the first time any study looked at pet dogs for children with autism.

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