The intensification of highly specialized viticulture has led to a dramatic decrease of soil fertility that can be restored by increasing soil organic matter using organic fertilizers. The aim of the present experiment was to evaluate the effect of different organic amendments on vine vegetative growth and nutritional status, soil N availability and microbial biomass, as well as on yield and grape quality. The experiment was carried out in 2020 and 2021, on cv. Sangiovese (Vitis vinifera L.) vines grafted on 110 Richter (V. berlandieri × V. rupestris) planted in February 2019. Plants were fertilized yearly in spring with (1) mineral fertilization (MIN), (2) municipal organic waste compost (MOW), and (3) sewage sludge compost (SS). The application of SS increased nitrate availability in both years, while the supply of organic matter (no matter the source) enhanced soil microbial biomass content. Plant nutritional status was in the optimal range for all treatments, with an increase of N in SS and K in MOW. Fruit yield in 2020 was not influenced by treatments, while in 2021 it was enhanced by MIN and MOW, which also induced a higher berry quality. Plant vegetative growth was stimulated by the application of SS. In conclusion, from these preliminary results we observed a higher N availability as a consequence of SS supply that resulted in a higher plant biomass, but reduced yield and berry quality, supporting the theory that for vineyards, N should be carefully managed to reach an equilibrium between vegetative and reproductive activity.
The study aimed at evaluating the effect of the type of irrigation system and amount of water supplied on vine yield and kiwifruit quality at harvest and after cold storage. The irrigation systems included a control with a single line (T0; water supplied considering daily evapotranspiration); and two system (single line -T1 and double lines -T2) where water was returned according to soil matric potential. The use of probes reduced water by 44% (T1) and 11% (T2) and increased fruit soluble solid concentration and dry matter at all sampling dates in comparison to control.
<p>Correct water management of yellow kiwifruit vines is essential for reaching high yield and fruit quality, to keep plants healthy and avoid useless water loss. The aim of the present experiment was to evaluate the physiological responses of potted Zezy002 (<em>Actinidia</em> <em>chinensis</em> var <em>chinensis</em>) plants to decrease of soil moisture to the wilting point, and to assess the retention curves of 5 typical soil substrates for the kiwifruit production in Italy. The 5 soils were collected from 4 Italian regions named: Basilicata, Calabria, Emilia-Romagna and Lazio (2 soils: Folie and Rosini). Plants from each soil were divided in three groups: 3 plants were irrigated maintaining soil moisture at field capacity (CONTROL); 4 plants were subjected to water stress (STRESS plants), after 48 h of water suspension, two of the four plants were irrigated as for the control plants (RECOVERY). Each pot was provided with a chalk potentiometric probe to monitor soil matric potential (Y<sub>m</sub>). In addition, soil moisture was evaluated by weight of a soil sample oven-dried, finally daily pot evapotranspiration rate was evaluated gravimetrically by pot weight at 24-h-interval. Leaf gas exchange and stem water potential (Y<sub>w</sub>) were measured daily. After irrigation suspension, plants rapidly (48 h) reached the wilting point evidenced by the stop of CO<sub>2</sub> fixation. This corresponded to stem Y<sub>w</sub> lower than -1.75 MPa in all soils but the one from Emilia-Romagna which had the higher percentage of loam (42%) that also maintained a positive CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation rate longer than the other soils. In this lapse of time, the rate of leaf CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration sharply decreased while intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration increased. Similarly stem Y<sub>w</sub> responded quickly to the suspension and re-start of irrigation, reaching values as low as &#8211; 1,9 MPa 2 days after the quit of irrigation. At wilting points soil Y<sub>m</sub> was: -0.96 MPa for Emilia-Romagna, -0.5 MPa for Basilicata, -1.6 MPa for Calabria, -1.8 MPa for Lazio Folie and -2.3 MPa for Lazio Rosini. CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation was better correlated to stem Y<sub>w</sub> than soil Y<sub>m</sub>.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>soil water moisture, chalk potentiometric probe, leaf gas exchange, stem water potential, soil matric potential</p>
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