Purpose -To assess the role of leader-member exchange (LMX) in affecting voluntary turnover in a high turnover work context. Design/methodology/approach -Following consideration of traditional predictors of employee turnover, how LMX is related to voluntary turnover is examined among 207 over-the-road truck drivers using a telephone survey. Findings -Leader member exchange is found to be nonlinearly related to turnover such that turnover is lowest when LMX is moderate (i.e. both "bad" and "good" LMX are associated with higher levels of turnover). Research limitations/implications -Findings indicate that LMX and other antecedents should be examined for nonlinear relationships to turnover. This research may help to bridge the gap between turnover research and that associated with supervision and leadership. Practical implications -These study results suggest that unrealistic expectations should not be formed regarding the power of any single factor (e.g. LMX) to reduce turnover. Originality/value -This paper suggests that nonlinear relationships between antecedents of turnover and turnover receive fuller consideration.The role of leader-member exchange in high turnover work environments Turnover experts, both academic and practitioner, have long asserted that supervision plays a meaningful role in voluntary employee turnover decisions. However, empirical investigation documenting these relations has lagged (Griffeth and Hom, 2001). Relatively few supervisory-linked antecedents of turnover beyond satisfaction with supervision have been explicitly studied (Griffeth et al., 2000). A more behaviorally-oriented specification of supervisory antecedents of turnover would be

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Agricultural tillage practices are important human-induced activities that can alter carbon emissions from agricultural soils and have the potential to significantly contribute to reductions in greenhouse gas emission (Lal et al, 1998). This research investigates the expected costs of sequestering carbon in agricultural soils under different subsidy and market-based policies. Using the detailed National Resources Inventory data, we estimate the probability that farmers adopt conservation tillage practices based on a variety of exogenous characteristics and profit from conventional practices. These estimates are used with physical models of carbon sequestration to estimate the subsidy costs of achieving increased carbon sequestration with alternative subsidy schemes. Disciplines AbstractAgricultural tillage practices are important human-induced activities that can alter carbon emissions from agricultural soils and have the potential to significantly contribute to reductions in greenhouse gas emission (Lal et al, 1998). This research investigates the expected costs of sequestering carbon in agricultural soils under different subsidy and market-based policies. Using the detailed National Resources Inventory data, we estimate the probability that farmers adopt conservation tillage practices based on a variety of exogenous characteristics and profit from conventional practices. These estimates are used with physical models of carbon sequestration to estimate the subsidy costs of achieving increased carbon sequestration with alternative subsidy schemes.

Agricultural tillage practices are important human-induced activities that can alter carbon emissions from agricultural soils and have the potential to significantly contribute to reductions in greenhouse gas emission (Lal et al, 1998). This research investigates the expected costs of sequestering carbon in agricultural soils under different subsidy and market-based policies. Using the detailed National Resources Inventory data, we estimate the probability that farmers adopt conservation tillage practices based on a variety of exogenous characteristics and profit from conventional practices. These estimates are used with physical models of carbon sequestration to estimate the subsidy costs of achieving increased carbon sequestration with alternative subsidy schemes. Disciplines AbstractAgricultural tillage practices are important human-induced activities that can alter carbon emissions from agricultural soils and have the potential to significantly contribute to reductions in greenhouse gas emission (Lal et al, 1998). This research investigates the expected costs of sequestering carbon in agricultural soils under different subsidy and market-based policies. Using the detailed National Resources Inventory data, we estimate the probability that farmers adopt conservation tillage practices based on a variety of exogenous characteristics and profit from conventional practices. These estimates are used with physical models of carbon sequestration to estimate the subsidy costs of achieving increased carbon sequestration with alternative subsidy schemes.

Recent losses in the U.S. soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] market share have motivated soybean producers to seek alternative methods of increasing the demand for U.S. soybeans. Organizations funded by U.S. soybean producers are at the forefront of this issue, struggling with the dilemma of determining which options to pursue in order to generate the greatest returns for soybean producers. Options include genetically modifying the soybean to better fit the needs of end users, increasing per acre yields, and reducing the costs of production. A previous study estimated the gross values of 30 alternative modifications of the soybean. The purpose of this paper is to provide estimates of the expected net benefits accruing to U.S. soybean producers and end users from five genetic modifications. Producer and consumer surplus models were used to estimate the expected net benefits to U.S. soybean producers and end users. These results will be useful to producer organizations in allocating funds for genetic modification research. Producer welfare is found to increase with increasing demand elasticities. The most favorable scenario for producer organizations is where the elasticity of demand is high relative to the elasticity of supply, the added production costs or yield loss is zero, the shifts in total demand for U.S. soybeans are large, and the probability of research success is high. Producer organizations cannot simply compare the modifications based on their per bushel added values. Investing in the three modifications which had the highest per bushel added values resulted in expected producer net benefits $472.8 million lower than investing in research on the three modifications with the highest expected producer net benefits. Soybean modifications with moderately reduced yields will typically result in negative benefits for soybean producers. Very small or no yield reductions or very large per bushel values from the modification are needed to produce positive net values to producers. Research Question Recent losses in the U.S. soybean market share have motivated the soybean industry to seek alternative methods of increasing the demand for U.S. soybeans. Organizations funded by U.S. soybean producers are at the forefront of this issue, struggling with the dilemma of determining which alternatives to pursue in order to generate the greatest returns to soybean producers. Options being considered include genetically modifying the soybean to better fit the needs of end users, increasing per acre yields, and reducing the costs of production. This paper addresses the question; “Of the genetic modifications aimed at better fitting the needs of end users, which ones should producer organizations pursue in order to generate the greatest returns to U.S. soybean producers?” Literature Summary Most studies analyzing technological innovations have focused on supply shifting developments. Demand increasing innovations have received little attention. The main reasons for the lack of quantitative analyses of demand increasing innova...