Many positive-sense RNA viruses transcribe subgenomic (sg) mRNAs during infections that template the translation of a subset of viral proteins. Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) expresses its capsid protein through the transcription of a sg mRNA from RNA1 genome segment. This transcription event is activated by an RNA structure formed by base pairing between a trans-activator (TA) in RNA2 and a trans-activator binding site (TABS) in RNA1. In this study, the impact of the structural context of the TABS in RNA1 on the TA–TABS interaction and sg mRNA transcription was investigated using in vitro and in vivo approaches. The results (i) generated RNA secondary structure models for the TA and TABS, (ii) revealed that the TABS is partially base paired with proximal upstream sequences, which limits TA access, (iii) demonstrated that the aforementioned intra-RNA1 base pairing involving the TABS modulates the TA–TABS interaction in vitro and sg mRNA levels during infections, and (iv) revealed that the TABS in RNA1 can be modified to mediate sg mRNA transcription in a TA-independent manner. These findings advance our understanding of transcriptional regulation in RCNMV and provide novel insights into the origin of the TA–TABS interaction.
This English translation has not been published in printed form/Cette traduction anglaise n'a pas été publiée sous forme imprimée. 1 Interest in Arabic media is nothing new, but the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States heightened and broadened publicly stated interest in relation to public opinion in Arabic and, more generally, Islamic countries, including in numerous recent academic publications and collections (
Convictions for genocide in relation to the war in Bosnia (1992–1995) provide the strongest sense of justice-having-been-done to victims and their families. But at the ICTY, the reputation of which has been marred by a series of controversies, the few perpetrators found guilty of genocide were involved in the Srebrenica massacres of July 1995. Other courts have convicted individuals from a range of different locations (and periods) in the war, giving arguably a more complete sense of justice to victims, and a more accurate contribution to the historical record. It is widely perceived that the Genocide Convention has been narrowly interpreted. As most genocides do not result in total destruction, what counts as “part” of a group, especially when combined with other acts, is a key issue explored here. Two cases (outside Srebrenica) in which genocide indictees were not held responsible for genocide are examined, with the Jelisic case, involving a foot-soldier of genocide, the main focus for critical analysis. Reflection on the implications for Bosnian society are given in conclusion.
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