The use of the human iris as a biometric has recently attracted significant interest in the area of security applications. The need to capture an iris without active user cooperation places demands on the optical system. Unlike a traditional optical design, in which a large imaging volume is traded off for diminished imaging resolution and capacity for collecting light, Wavefront Coded imaging is a computational imaging technology capable of expanding the imaging volume while maintaining an accurate and robust iris identification capability. We apply Wavefront Coded imaging to extend the imaging volume of the iris recognition application.

This paper demonstrates the use of elementary neural networks for modelling and representing driver steering behaviour in path regulation control tasks. Areas of application include uses by vehicle simulation experts who need to model and represent specific instances of driver steeringcontrol behaviour, potential on-board vehicle technologies aimed at representing and tracking driver steering control behaviour over time, and use by human factors specialists interested in representing or classifying specific families of driver steering behaviour. Example applications are shown for data obtained from a driver/vehicle numerical simulation, a basic driving simulator, and a n experimental on-road test vehicle equipped with a camera and sensor processing system.

This paper gives a brief introduction into the background, application, and design of Wavefront Coding imaging systems. Wavefront Coding is a general technique of using generalized aspheric optics and digital signal processing to greatly increase the performance and/or reduce the cost of imaging systems. The type of aspheric optics employed results in optical imaging characteristics that are very insensitive to misfocus related aberrations. A sharp and clear image is not directly produced from the optics, however, digital signal processing applied to the sampled image produces a sharp and clear final image that is also insensitive to misfocus related aberrations. This paper gives an overview of Wavefront Coding and example images related to the two applications of machine vision/label reading and biometric imaging. Design techniques of Wavefront Coding are unique from that of traditional imaging system design since both the optics and digital processing characteristics of the system arejointly optimized for optimum system performance.

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Passive-ranging systems based on wave-front coding are introduced. These single-aperture hybrid optical-digital systems are analyzed by use of linear models and the Fisher information matrix. Two schemes for passive ranging by use of a single aperture and a single image are investigated: (i) estimating the range to an object and (ii) detecting objects over a set of ranges. Theoretical limitations on estimator-error variances are given by use of the Cramer-Rao bounds. Evaluations show that range estimates with less than 0.1% error can be obtained from a single wave-front coded image. An experimental system was also built, and example results are given.

Deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) has been used to measure the low-temperature trapping parameters of defects in indium-doped silicon. Substitutional indium at Ev +0.15 eV, the indium–X center at Ev +0.11 eV, and two deeper indium related centers at Ev +0.31 eV and Ev +0.45 eV were studied. Electric fields have been found to lower the activation energies and increase the emission rates for the substitutional indium and the indium–X center. Theoretical models, including the field effect on the barrier and thermally assisted tunneling, have been used to fit the data. The capture coefficients near liquid-nitrogen temperature have been estimated as being for substitutional indium, C (In) = 7.6×10−9 cm3/sec exp (0.031 eV/kT); for the indium–X center, C(InX) = 7.7×10−8 cm3/sec exp (+0.006 eV/kT); for the Ev +0.31-eV center, C(H1) = 2×10−9 cm3/sec; and for the Ev +0.45-eV center C(H2) = 1.2×10−8 cm3/sec.

Systems which transform optical wavefronts into digital information for imagery or machine interpretation lack suitable design tools and methods. In Wavefront Coded® imaging systems in particular, the signal processing and the optics must be jointly considered to achieve an optimal solution. Computational imaging systems have recently been designed at CDM Optics based on human interpretation of images and guided by machine (algorithmic) interpretations. CDM is generating an integrated design package called WFCDesign™ to provide for truly joint optimization of computational imaging systems where both physical and algorithmic goals can be jointly realized with a high degree of efficiency and accuracy. WFCDesign interfaces to a multitude of commercial analysis, design, signal processing, and simulation packages, enabling joint optimization using industry-standard tools. Methods for approaching the optimization problem including merit functions and optimizer issues are discussed. An example of a computational design with Wavefront Coding™ based on a digital algorithm's performance (as opposed to strictly optical metrics such as spot size or aberration curves) is provided. An outline and discussion of the WFCDesign™ package highlights the capabilities of our flexible approach and modular architecture and provides insight into the future of computational imaging design tools.

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