Memory interfaces for high-speed graphics systems have reached the 4 to 6 Gb/s/pin regime with GDDR4 and the introduction of GDDR5 [1][2][3][4] at chip densities up to 512Mb. To satisfy the demand for even higher data bandwidths and increased memory densities, more advanced design techniques are required. In this paper, a 7Gb/s/pin 1Gb GDDR5 DRAM with an array architecture for fast column access, a boosting transmitter, multiple voltage (V INT ) domains to control on chip power noise, and a high-speed internal V INT power generator system are presented. This 1Gb GDDR5 memory device is fabricated in a conventional 75nm DRAM process and characterized for a 7Gb/s/pin data transfer rate at 1.5V.To achieve fast column-column access times, array improvements are necessary. Figure 7.4.1 shows an expanded view of one of the 256Mb quadrants (QUAD. Decode of master column-select lines (MCSL) is performed in the master CSL decode / local rwd (read write data) routing stripes. The MCSLs are routed to the local CSL decode / secondary sense amp (SSA) stripes located between 2 banks. The MCSLs are further decoded to local CSLs that run over the banks. The local CSLs switch the local sense amp (SA) data onto short local data lines and then to the master data (MDQ) lines. The MDQ signals are re-sensed in the SSA stripes, and read-write data lines (RWDL) are transmitted to the MCSL decode / local rwd routing stripes and re-buffered. The re-buffered data lines are re-transmitted over the data crossing and then transferred to the periphery data circuitry and the data (DQ) pads. Figure 7.4.1 shows the data transmission path for a read access. For a write access, the decode of the CSL path is unchanged with the data path simply reversed. All data lines are driven bi-directionally to minimize wiring area. The short CSL and MDQ lines enable fast random (2 clock cycle) column-column access times for read and write array accesses. In bankgrouping mode [3], core access is locally expanded asynchronously to relax core-speed requirements.To increase the target data-rate and enable operation at a down-converted V INT , the transmitter, shown in Fig. 7.4.2, improves on the time-domain architecture as used in GDDR3 [5]. The transmitter is driven with differential CMOS signals (IN_T, IN_C) to ensure skew-free voltage domain transitions. The input-data voltage-domain transition is performed in two stages. The domain transfer (Fig. 7.4.2) shifts the GND-referenced input into the V SSQ domain. The level shift (Fig. 7.4.2) shifts the signal from the V INT to the V DDQ domain. The V INT -to-V DDQ level shifter implements a CML transistor load in parallel with the conventional cross-coupled pair, preserving duty cycle at high frequency. To reduce current consumption at low operating frequencies, the additional CML stage can be disabled.A low-overhead programmable-transmitter boosting technique improves transmitter adaptability to alternate channel topologies. Boosting transistors MP 1 , MN 1 (Fig. 7.4.2) are activated for a short period following a si...

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Konservasi sebuah kawasan bersejarah memiliki potensi pariwisata yang sangat menjanjikan dan menjadi sebuah daya tarik tersendiri untuk dikembangkan. Proses pengelolaannya dilakukan agar suatu makna kultural yang dikandungnya terpelihara dengan baik. Konservasi dapat meliputi seluruh kegiatan pemeliharaan dan disesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi setempat, yang mencakup preservasi, restorasi, rekonstruksi, adaptasi/revitalisasi dan demolisi. Salah satu kawasan yang perlu dikonservasi adalah ruko pada Jalan Ahmad Yani yang akan difokuskan hanya pada bagian preservasi dan restorasi. Bangunan yang memiliki nilai sejarah tersebut seperti tidak dilestarikan. Oleh karena itu, konservasi bangunan bersejarah sangat dibutuhkan agar tetap bisa menjaga cagar budaya. Berdasarkan pengamatan pada ruko di Jalan Ahmad Yani, beberapa bangunan ditemukan mengalami perubahan komponen dan mengalami kerusakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari tolok ukur dalam melakukan konservasi bangunan ruko pada koridor Jalan Jend. Ahmad Yani agar dapat memberikan solusi kepada Pemerintah Kota dalam melakukan konservasi terhadap bangunan bersejarah. Metode penelitian bersifat kualitatif deskriptif. Peneliti mengumpulkan data primer yang dilakukan dengan mendokumentasikan ruko di sepanjang lokasi penelitian dan menyatukannya menjadi sebuah deretan dalam bentuk gambar, kemudian menentukan variabel yang akan di teliti. Observasi bertujuan untuk menemukan masalah yang terjadi di lapangan. Selanjutnya menganalisa teori yang menjadi tolak ukur dalam mengkonservasi dan dikaitkan dengan permasalahan yang terjadi di lapangan. Adapun penelitian ini akan menghasilkan pedoman dalam hal mengkonservasi bangunan ruko bersejarah di koridor Jalan Jend. Ahmad Yani Medan. Dengan adanya tolak ukur atau pedoman dalam mengkonservasi bangunan bersejarah tersebut diharapkan dapat mempertahankan dan melestarikan ruko bersejarah di Kota Medan.   Conservation of a historic area has a very promising tourism potential and becomes a special attraction to be developed. The management process is carried out so that a cultural meaning it contains is well maintained. Conservation can cover all maintenance activities and be adapted to local situations and conditions, which include preservation, restoration, reconstruction, adaptation/revitalization, and demolition. One area that needs to be conserved is a shop on Jalan Ahmad Yani which will be focused only on the preservation and restoration section. Buildings that have such historical value are not preserved. Therefore, the conservation of historic buildings is needed so that they can maintain cultural heritage. Based on observations on shop houses on Jalan Ahmad Yani, several buildings were found to experience component changes and were damaged. This research was conducted to see benchmarks for the conservation of shop buildings in the Jalan Jend corridor. Ahmad Yani to provide solutions to the City Government in conserving historical buildings. The research method is qualitative descriptive. The researcher collects primary data which is done by documenting the shophouse along the research location and integrating it into a row in the form of an image, then determining the variables to be examined. Observation aims to find problems that occur in the field. Furthermore, analyzing the theory becomes a benchmark in conserving and being associated with issues that arise in the area. The research will produce guidelines for conserving historic shop buildings in Jalan Jend corridor. Ahmad Yani Medan. With the existence of benchmarks or guidelines in preserving historical buildings, it is expected to be able to maintain and preserve historic shophouses in the city of Medan.

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