Communication and family support are considered important curriculum topics. Revisions to current volunteer training curriculum and format are suggested.

The influence of 3 spacings, 4 rootstocks, and 2 cultivars of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on yield, fruit and tree size and mineral composition of leaves during the 3rd through the 6th year of growth in the orchard were investigated. Scion cultivar had the greatest effect on mineral composition; all elements except manganese were significantly different in the 2 spur-type cultivars (‘Goldenspur’ and ‘Redspur’). Trees on Mailing Merton (MM) 106 rootstock produced larger yields than those on other rootstocks, and the foliage was usually among the highest in respect to each nutrient measured. Closely spaced trees had smaller fruit and the least amount of foliar P and K but Ca, Mg, and Mn were high in the same trees.

Category: Ethics Introduction/Purpose: The objective of our study was to analyze COI nondisclosure for US based research articles that were published to three prevalent orthopaedic journals from the beginning of 2014 to the end of 2016. Methods: All US-based research articles published to FAI, JBJS, and JOA from the beginning of 2014 to the end of 2016 were reviewed. COI disclosure sections were analyzed to determine if a disclosure was made for first and/or last authors. Authors disclosing any financial relationship involving employment, royalties/licensing, speaking, and consulting fees were recorded as having disclosed a potential COI. First and last authors were then searched for using CMS Open Payments search tool to determine if they had received any of the aforementioned payment types. To determine if a COI nondisclosure (disclosure discrepancy) was present, an author’s disclosure statement for a published article was compared to CMS Open Payments data from the year prior to publication of the article. We used CMS data from the year prior to a publication to account for the time it takes to construct a paper and have it published. Results: Across all journals and years, we obtained disclosure accuracy data for 3,465 total first and last authors publishing 1,770 research articles. Within this sample, 7.1% (245/3,465) of the authors had a recorded undisclosed conflict-of-interest and 13.2% (233/1,770) of articles had a first and/or last author with an undisclosed potential conflict-of-interest. When looking at each journal individually over the three-year period, FAI contained the highest percentage of authors with undisclosed COI’s (42.3%), JBJS contained the lowest percent of authors with an undisclosed COI (4.6%), and JOA had an intermediate amount of authors with an undisclosed COI (7.0%). Conclusion: Discrepancies between payment disclosures made by authors and those published in the CMS database were present in all three journals reviewed in this study. The percentage of articles containing an author with a disclosure discrepancy varies widely between these journals. However, when analyzing the percentage of disclosure discrepancies by year, no trend was found.

Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied as a spray to apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees, entire limbs, or foliage only, reduced fruit retention but, when applied to fruit only, retention was unaffected. Silver nitrate sprays did not alter the effect of NAA on fruit retention. A galactose spray did not affect fruit retention. Excised fruits from NAA-sprayed trees took up less 14C-sucrose and lost less 14C-indoleacetic acid than those from unsprayed trees. 14C-sorbitol translocation from lateral leaves to growing shoot tips was reduced more by naphthaleneacetamide (NAM), NAA, and ethephon than was 14C-sucrose. 14C-sucrose and 14C-sorbitol translocation was affected by NAM but not by NAA or ethephon. Additional shade of 25% during 2 consecutive cloudy days reduced retention of ‘Delicious’ fruitlets, indicating that a small reduction of metabolites available to young fruit may adversely affect their retention.

Cold resistance of current season shoots of ‘Redhaven’ peach in the nursery as affected by 4 rootstocks was determined by electrical conductance. Significant conductance differences were noted on scion due to rootstock effects, and the most effective time for determining this difference appeared to be in early winter. There were significant differences due to late N applications. Late winter determinations showed that rootstock effects tend to diminish except at critical temperatures. There was variance in relative hardiness of stocks from 1 temperature to another or on different dates but, in general, ‘New’ and ‘Harrow Blood’ transmitted more hardiness to scions that did ‘Siberian C’ or ‘Rutgers Red Leaf’. ‘Siberian C’ was generally better than ‘Rutgers Red Leaf’.

‘Redhaven’ peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch) were sprinkled from the end of rest, January 22, 1975, until the time check trees reached full bloom, April 18, 1975. Sprinkling delayed bloom by 15 days. Energy models predicted bloom one day before it occurred in the check trees. Wood temperatures were lowered as much as 6.5°C in sprinkled trees, but no significant difference in wood cold hardiness was observed. Sprinkled fruit buds were more cold hardy than non-sprinkled fruit buds until early March. Non-sprinkled buds were more cold hardy than sprinkled fruit buds in late March. Sprinkling reduced the number of viable buds/m by late March. Analyses of total and reducing sugars and protein showed no significant difference.

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When shoulder movements become restricted in all directions, the literature reports that contracture of the joint capsule is not present in every case. These findings suggest a different underlying pathology in some cases, which restricts shoulder movements in a manner resembling contracture. In order to investigate the concept of another mechanism, fourteen patients were selected with a specific pattern of shoulder stiffness: a gross restriction of lateral rotation associated with only moderate restrictions of abduction and medial rotation. The patients were treated with mobilization of the lower cervical spine, which resulted in an improvement in the range of lateral rotation of the shoulder, the most restricted movement. These results suggest a correlation between the cervical spine and shoulders with this pattern of movement restrictions.