The occurrence of stress urinary incontinence symptoms affects the quality of life of women, especially their mental state and interpersonal contacts. Most women with the symptoms of stress urinary incontinence fulfill their sexual needs; however, many of them do not feel complete satisfaction with their sex life.

The problem of early motherhood is still a serious medical and social problem in many countries around the world. The aim of this study was to analyze the attitudes of teenage mothers towards pregnancy and childbirth. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted with the use of an original questionnaire containing a test to measure attitudes on a five-point Likert scale and a Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) to assess dispositional optimism. The study involved 308 teenage mothers between 13 and 19 years of age. Attitudes of teenage mothers towards pregnancy and childbirth were more often positive (90.6%) than negative (9.4%). Sociodemographic features determining the attitudes of teenage mothers towards both their pregnancy and childbirth included their age, marital status, current occupation, and main source of income. The type of attitude adopted by teenage mothers towards pregnancy and childbirth was significantly related to the level of their dispositional optimism.

Background: Pro-health behaviours aim at disease prevention, recovery from an illness and maintenance of good health in a physical, mental and social sphere. The study had two main objectives: (a) to analyse health behaviours of postmenopausal women and their understanding of the notion of health, and (b) to analyse the relationship between individual categories of health behaviours and prophylactic activities undertaken by postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 510 postmenopausal women. Three study instruments were used: an original questionnaire and two instruments designed by Juczyński: the List of Health Criteria and the Health Behaviour Inventory. Results: In the view of the respondents health was primarily synonymous with a feature, because the following three associations were given the highest priority when defining health: to be healthy means 'have all body parts functioning well' (M = 1.82), 'do not experience any physical problems' (M = 1.43) and 'not be sick, only occasionally suffer from flu, cold or indigestion'. The score for health behaviours was average (M = 86.18). The highest score was achieved in the area of prophylactic behaviours. General indicator of health-related behaviours was higher in women who rated their health as very good (p < 0.05). Women whose general indicator of health-related behaviours was higher regularly performed prophylactic gynaecological examinations (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Results showed that women after menopause treat health mainly as a feature of their body and condition specific for this period of life. The analysis of postmenopausal women's health behaviours and their perception of health helped to identify areas that require the focus of medical personnel in regard to health promotion and prophylaxis. The average general indicator of health-related behaviours is positive for this group of women as it shows that they care about their health, especially in terms of prophylaxis.

Wprowadzenie. W każdej społeczności na świecie żyją kobiety, które doświadczyły w swoim życiu aktów przemocy. Media dość często przekazują informacje o nich, niekiedy jednak zbyt późno, czyli w sytuacji, gdy doszło już do utraty życia czy zdrowia. Cel pracy. Ukazanie zjawiska przemocy domowej wobec kobiet jako wciąż aktualnego, trudnego do zdiagnozowania i rozwiązania problemu. Skrócony opis stanu wiedzy. Przemoc domowa wobec kobiet nie może być niedostrzegana. W opracowaniu zdefiniowano pojęcia: przemoc, przemoc w rodzinie i przemoc wobec kobiet. Omówiono zakres i formy przemocy oraz skalę zjawiska w Polsce, stwierdzając, że jest trudne do oszacowania. Podkreślono, iż przemoc najczęściej odbywa się w zamkniętym kręgu rodziny, czyli bez świadków. Omówiono rolę pracowników medycznych, w tym pielęgniarek i położnych, w profilaktyce przemocy i identyfikowaniu kobiet krzywdzonych. Podsumowanie. Istnieje potrzeba opracowania skuteczniejszych programów prewencyjnych, aktualizacji wiedzy i większego zaangażowania pracowników medycznych (również pielęgniarek i położnych) wobec zmieniających się rozwiązań prawnych. Skuteczne przeciwdziałanie, także rozwiązywanie problemu przemocy domowej wobec kobiet, wymaga korzystania z różnych obszarów wiedzy i umiejętności. Konieczna jest zatem współpraca zespołów interdyscyplinarnych, tj. przedstawicieli służb, instytucji i organizacji wchodzących w ich skład.

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