Monocationic hydrophilic complexes [Cu(thp)4](+) 3 and [Cu(bhpe)2](+) 4 were synthesized by ligand exchange reactions starting from the labile [Cu(CH3CN)4][PF6] precursor in the presence of an excess of the relevant hydrophilic phosphine. Complexes 3 and 4 were tested against a panel of several human tumor cell lines. Complex 3 has been shown to be about 1 order of magnitude more cytotoxic than cisplatin. Chemosensitivity tests performed on cisplatin and multidrug resistance phenotypes suggested that complex 3 acts via a different mechanism of action than the reference drug. Different short-term proliferation assays suggested that lysosomal damage is an early cellular event associated with complex 3 cytotoxicity, probably mediated by an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Cytological stains and flow cytometric analyses indicated that the phosphine copper(I) complex is able to inhibit the growth of tumor cells via G2/M cell cycle arrest and paraptosis accompanied with the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential.
New N-heterocyclic carbene ligand precursors {H(2)C(HTz(R))(2)} and {H(2)C(HIm(R))(2)} (HTz = 1,2,4-triazole; HIm = imidazole; R = PrSO(3) or EtCOO) were obtained starting from the compounds bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methane and bis(imidazol-1-yl)methane. The related silver(i) carbene complexes were prepared in degassed water solution by treatment of the triazolium or imidazolium species with Ag(2)O, resulting in well-characterized and water soluble bimetallic complexes of general formula {Na(2)[H(2)C(Tz(R))(2)](2)Ag(2)} and {Na(2)[H(2)C(Im(R))(2)](2)Ag(2)}. In these metallacycles every silver atom is coordinated to two triazolin- or imidazolin-2-ylidene rings, belonging to two different dicarbene units.
This review is intended to cover the developments in the chemistry of poly(azolyl)borates through the years 2000-2008, based on the main synthetic methods, coordination properties, spectroscopic and structural features of this important class of ligands. The subject matter is the chemistry of substituted bis-, tris-and tetrakis-(pyrazolyl)borate ligands. In this review we provide essential information to allow the reader to probe more deeply into the main aspects of the chemistry of these fascinating and flexible ligands. This review would also demonstrate the enormous potential of poly(pyrazolyl)borates chemistry, as also the future perspectives in this field.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.