Diaphragmatic hernias can cause life-threatening complications in pregnancy. Consideration should be given to operative repair in the second trimester if asymptomatic hernias are identified during pregnancy. If vaginal delivery is attempted in the presence of a hernia, this should only be carried out under closely monitored conditions.

Background: Almost 20 000 people undergo an emergency laparotomy each year in New Zealand and Australia. Common indications include small and large bowel obstruction, and intestinal perforation. Considered a high-risk procedure, emergency laparotomy is associated with significantly high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review was to identify and compare 30-day, 90-day and 1-year mortality rates following emergency laparotomy in New Zealand and Australia. Methods: A systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Electronic searches were performed in Medline, Embase, PubMed and Scopus in April 2020. Results: Thirty-three papers met the inclusion criteria. Studies ranged in size from 58 to 75 280 patients. Weighted mean 30-day mortality was 8.40% (8.39-8.41). Mortality rates increased with longer postoperative follow up with 90-day weighted mortality rate of 14. 14% (14.13-14.15) and the weighted mortality rate at 1 year of 24.60% (24.56-24.66). There was significant variability in mortality rates between countries. Conclusion: There is a wide variability of 30-day, 90-day and 1-year mortality rates internationally. Lowering postoperative mortality rates following emergency laparotomy through quality improvement initiatives could result in up to 120 lives in New Zealand and over 250 lives in Australia being saved each year. The continued work of the Australian and New Zealand Emergency Laparotomy Audit -Quality Improvement is crucial to improving emergency laparotomy mortality rates further in New Zealand and Australia.

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LAGB requires a considerable postoperative commitment that may take several months. Overfills are common and may be the result of a false perception that tightening the band will hasten weight loss.

We report two cases of primary oesophageal malignant melanoma treated with Ivor-Lewis oesophagogastrectomy and review the literature.

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