Traditionally in the domain of the otolaryngologist, pulsatile tinnitus (PT) has become increasingly relevant to neurosurgeons. PT may prove to be a harbinger of life-threatening pathology; however, often, it is a marker of a more benign process. Irrespectively, the neurosurgeon should be familiar with the many potential etiologies of this unique and challenging patient population. In this review, we discuss the myriad causes of PT, categorized by pulse-phase rhythmicity.
Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. Bladder tissue samples from controls ( 14) and spinal contused (2 and 9 weeks post-injury) were subjected to uniaxial stress relaxation at 50% strain to determine instantaneous and relaxation modulus, and monotonic load-to failure at 1% strain/sec to determine Young's modulus, yield stress and strain, and ultimate stress and strain.RESULTS: None of the rats had a normal BBB score. At 2 weeks post-injury, SCI vs control showed instantaneous and relaxation modulus were decreased 64.3% (p>0.99) and 70.6% (p[0.07), respectively. Similarly, at 9 weeks post-injury, instantaneous and relaxation modulus were decreased by 71.9% (p[0.04) and 71.4% (p[0.13), respectively, compared to controls. Young's modulus of SCI rats was decreased 50% (p>0.99) at 2 weeks and 49% (p>0.99) at 9 weeks compared to controls. Yield stress of SCI bladders was decreased 55% (p >0.99) compared to controls at 2 weeks post-injury but was increased 62% (p[0.027) relative to controls at 9 weeks. Yield strain showed no difference at 2 weeks post-injury but increased 90% (p<0.01) in SCI rats at 9 weeks post-injury. Ultimate stress was decreased 37% (p[0.39) at 2 weeks post-injury in SCI rats relative to control rats, but no differences were observed at 9 weeks post-injury, and no differences in ultimate strain were observed between groups at either time point.CONCLUSIONS: We found that the mechanical properties of rat bladder wall after a spinal cord injury at week 2 showed little differences compared to controls, but by week 9 SCI bladders had a greater yield stress and yield strain in the spinal cord injury bladders at 9 weeks compared to 2 weeks and control. This suggests that SCI rat bladders were more compliant than control counterparts.
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