Developing situation awareness amongst nursing and paramedicine students utilizing eye tracking technology and video debriefing techniques: a proof of concept paper, International Emergency Nursing (2014), http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2014.11.001. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 24• High-level situational awareness can be improved through simulation. 25• Participants' post-course ratings of their skills, competence and confidence improved. 26• Eye tracking and point of view recording techniques can benefit performance. 27• Participants placed a high value on the video debriefing. 28• Visual field review techniques may enhance the use of realistic simulated practice. 30 31Abstract 32 33Objective 34The aims of this quasi-experimental before-and-after study were to first determine 35 whether the use of eye tracking technology combined with video debriefing techniques 36 has the potential to improve the quality of feedback and enhance situation awareness 37 (SA) in simulated settings and second to determine students' satisfaction towards 38 simulated learning. 39

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the extent of empathy in paramedic students across seven Australian universities.Design/methodology/approachA cross‐sectional study was carried out using a paper‐based questionnaire employing a convenience sample of first, second, and third year undergraduate paramedic students. Student empathy levels were measured using a standardised self‐reporting instrument: the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy‐Health Profession Students (JSPE‐HPS).FindingsA total of 783 students participated in the study, of which 57 per cent were females. The overall JSPE‐HPS mean score was 106.74 (SD=14.8). Females had greater mean empathy scores than males 108.69 v 103.58 (p=0.042). First year undergraduate paramedic mean empathy levels were the lowest, 106.29 (SD=15.40) with second year's the highest at 107.17 (SD=14.90).Originality/valueThe overall findings provide a framework for educators to begin constructing guidelines focusing on the need to incorporate, promote and instil empathy into paramedic students in order to better prepare them for future out‐of‐hospital healthcare practice.

Listening to DS significantly increased the proportion of prehospital professionals compressing at 2010 guideline-compliant rates. Regardless of intervention more than half gave compressions that were too shallow. Alternative audible feedback mechanisms may be more effective.

SummaryIn a randomised crossover study, 60 ambulance paramedics attempted tracheal intubation of a manikin model of a Cormack and Lehane grade 3 ⁄ 4 view using a Portex stylet, Portex and Frova single-use bougies, and a Portex reusable bougie. Tracheal intubation within 30 s was achieved by 34 ⁄ 60 (57%) using the stylet, 18 ⁄ 60 (30%) using a Portex single-use bougie, 16 ⁄ 60 (27%) using a Frova single-use bougie and 5 ⁄ 60 (8%) using a Portex reusable bougie.