Since 1989 in New Zealand, the work of the primary school principal has been transformed in official policy texts from that of leading professional to chief executive officer. Surveys document the changing nature of the role and the workload and other pressures that have resulted, particularly for principals with teaching responsibilities in smaller schools. There is a generally accepted crisis of preparation, recruitment, development and retention. Below the surface, however, are deeper-seated, structural difficulties: women comprise the majority of teachers, yet are a minority of principals and their career advancement is largely limited to small schools and those in poorer socioeconomic areas. This article reviews the situation and examines the reasons why dominant images of the primary school principalship may be both partial and counterproductive.
Three sites were excavated: a class II henge, a massive round barrow and a pair of ring-ditches. Five periods of activity were noted on the henge site: I - pre henge-bank activity, including one burial; II - the class II henge, a ditch with an external bank enclosing a timber ring (late third millennium BC); III - burial and ritual/domestic activity, the former associated with food vessels, cinerary urns and a beaker, the latter with beaker material (second millennium BC); IV - in situ cremation and burial (late second/early first millennium BC); V-long grave cemetery (mid/late first millennium AD). A second timber ring, three burials and a number of pits could not be securely related to this sequence. One of the Period III food vessels had contained a cereal-based material.The barrow covered a substantial area of old land surface (Period II) exhibiting probable cultivation traces which in turn sealed small pits (Period I). The construction of the barrow (Period III) was undertaken in six phases, which include a complex timber substructure (A), a ring-bank (B), a fire set near the top of the mound (D) and a stone capping (F). The mound was largely built of material dug from a surrounding ditch, though large quantities of field-stone and turf were also used. The mound has been dated to the early/mid second millennium be. Phosphate concentrations suggest that the barrow had covered burials. Two food vessel sherds were incorporated into the lower mound material. A spindle whorl was found in the upper part of the mound. Multiple and single cremation deposits and two inhumations, both with food vessels, one with a disc-bead jet necklace, had been dug into the mound's surface or had been incorporated during its building. A large cupmarked slab was found at the barrow's summit.The two ring-ditches may have enclosed low barrows. A pit containing cremated bone and 'WesternNeolithic' pottery dated to the early/mid third millennium BC was cut by ring-ditch 2.
Summary Excavations at Newton have revealed three phases of land use. Mesolithic activity was restricted to small flint working and domestic sites. A Neolithic phase appears to relate to a fragile soil resource which rapidly declined in quality. The final phase, possibly related to a Christian Irish presence on the island, occurs late in the sequence.
Reports on work that revealed evidence of occupation of what was essentially a fortified farmhouse by a native elite group practising a mixed-farming economy. There are a number of specialist sections on: `Wooden posts' by John Barber (301--2); `Palaeobotanical remains' by W E Boyd (310--16); `Animal bone' by Catherine Smith & Archie Young (316--20); `Iron Age and Roman pottery' (321--31), `Objects of fired clay' (332--5) and `Industrial fired clay objects' (371--6) by Steven Willis; `Medieval and post medieval pottery' by David Caldwell (331--2); `Roman glass' by Dominic Ingemark (335--7); `Other glass finds' (337--8), `Copper alloy' (338--46), `Lead' (352--6) and `Iron' (356--67), `Analysis of the cannel coal bangle fragment 409' (390), `Amber' (390--1), `Worked bone and antler' (392--3) and `Discussion of the artefact assemblage' (393--401) by Fraser Hunter; `Roman coins' by Anne S Robertson (346--7); `EDXRF analysis of copper-alloy artefacts' (347--52) and `EDXRF analysis of crucible and mould fragments' (376--7) by David Dungworth; `Preliminary metallurgical analysis of some iron objects' by Gerry McDonnell (367--9); `Ironworking debris' by Michael Spearman & Fraser Hunter (370); `Metalworking debris within the brooch' by Liz Slater (370--1); `Stone' by Ann Clarke (377--86); and an `Analysis of the deposits on sandstone mortars 302 & 473' by Peter Davidson (390).
The site country rock is greywacke and shale of Llandovery age (Silurian). There may be dykes of porphyrite in the near vicinity. This stone, with altered country rock, is worked at Tongland Quarry, 3/4 mile due south of the site.It was not possible to visit the site during the excavation; the identifications are of samples taken from features on site by the excavator. Samples were supplied from:-a. outcrop to west of the site and recorded by Coles as one of an outer arc of low standing stonesb. outcrop to north of the site and recorded by Coles (1895) as one of an outer arc of low standing stonesc. two samples of the cairn materiald. one sample from the cairn kerb material
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