Photocatalytic hydrogen production is an effective strategy for addressing energy shortage and converting solar energy into chemical energy. Exploring effective strategies to improve photocatalytic H2 production is a key challenge in the field of energy conversion. There are numerous oxygen vacancies on the surface of non-stoichiometric W18O49 (WO), which result in suitable light absorption performance, but the hydrogen evolution effect is not ideal because the band potential does not reach the hydrogen evolution potential. A suitable heterojunction is constructed to optimize defects such as high carrier recombination rate and low photocatalytic performance in a semiconductor. Herein, 2D porous carbon nitride (PCN) is synthesized, followed by the in situ growth of 1D WO on the PCN to realize a step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction. When WO and PCN are composited, the difference between the Fermi levels of WO and PCN leads to electron migration, which balances the Fermi levels of WO and PCN. Electron transfer leads to the formation of an interfacial electric field and bends the energy bands of WO and PCN, thereby resulting in the recombination of unused electrons and holes while leaving used electrons and holes, which can accelerate the separation and charge transfer at the interface and endow the WO/PCN system with better redox capabilities. In addition, PCN with a porous structure provides more catalytic active sites. The photocatalytic performance of the sample can be investigated using the amount of hydrogen released. Compared to WO and PCN, 20%WO/PCN composite has a higher H2 production rate (1700 µmol•g −1 •h −1 ), which is 56 times greater than that of PCN (30 µmol•g −1 •h −1 ). This study shows the possibility of the application of S-scheme heterojunction in the field of photocatalytic H2 production.
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The introduction, and the book more generally, addresses a paradox: that the Northern Ireland conflict, commonly known as ‘the Troubles’, has had profound and shaping impacts upon politics, culture and the lives of many thousands of people in Great Britain, producing lasting legacies that continue to resonate nearly half a century after the eruption of political violence in 1968-9; but that engagements with the conflict, and with its ‘post-conflict’ transformation, from within Britain have been limited, lacking, frequently problematic, often troubled, in ways that are not fully grasped or considered.
The book, then, has four main aims: to investigate the history of responses to, engagements with, and memories of the Northern Irish conflict in Britain; to explore absences and weaknesses or silences in this history; to promote a wider academic and public debate in Britain concerning the significance of this history, and the lessons to be learned from the post-conflict efforts to ‘deal with the past’ in Northern Ireland; and to provoke reflection on the significance of opening up hitherto unexamined histories and memories of the Troubles, and the ways in which ongoing conflicts between competing understandings of the past might be addressed and negotiated.
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