Introduction and purpose: More and more reports suggest that diabetes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding this link may provide a new approach to modulating the onset and progression of sporadic AD cases. The aim of the study is to present the current state of knowledge on the basic mechanisms and factors influencing the development of AD in patients with type 2 diabetes in the context of clinical practice. State of knowledge: It is estimated that up to 80% of Alzheimer's patients have glucose intolerance or diabetes. Impaired insulin signaling can lead to abnormal processing and accumulation of beta-amyloid protein, which can result in memory deficits and cognitive decline. Insulin deficiency can also cause over-activity of the GSK3 enzyme, leading to tau hyperphosphorylation and senile plaque accumulation. Diabetes can also cause fibrotic changes in cerebral vessels, disrupting brain metabolism and potentially leading to hippocampus atrophy. The release of cytokines during the metabolic syndrome can also cause oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to neuronal atrophy. It has been reported that healthy diet, physical exercises and prevention of metabolic diseases may reduce the incidence of AD. Conclusions: Epidemiological data and pathophysiological studies indicate a significant relationship between these diseases that AD is sometimes called Type 3 diabetes. Early detection of hyperglycemia and its proper management, may be crucial in the context of the clinical prevention of dementia diseases. It is essential to pay attention to the cognitive abilities of patients with metabolic diseases.
Introduction: Telogen effluvium is a non-scarring hair loss that can occur after COVID-19 infection. It usually occurs after about 3 months, causes diffused hair loss and lasts up to 6 months. The purpose of this narrative review is to collect and summarize the effects of potential methods to promote hair regrowth in patients after COVID-19 infection. Material and method: The article reviews available in PubMed and ResearchGate databases, studies on telogen effluvium and SARS-CoV-2. Due to the limited literature, articles on telogenetic hair loss progressing independently of COVID-19 were also included in the review. Results: Hair loss after COVID-19 infection occurs in almost 30% of patients. This is likely related to pro-inflammatory cytokines released during infection and the pro-thrombotic effect of the virus. Telogen effluvium is the most common type of alopecia occurring after COIVD-19 infection - about 86% of all cases. It affects women more often than men. It seems that its severity may correlate with the severity of the infection. Other than female gender and a history of chronic disease, it is unlikely to find any other contributing factors. Effective treatments seem to include the use of oral supplements such as vitamin D, polyunsaturated fatty acids and zinc. In addition, topical application of minoxidil and high-platelet plasma treatments have shown good outcomes. Conclusions: Given the fairly common occurrence of hair loss after COVID-19 infection, it seems reasonable to seek the most effective strategies for its treatment. At present, it appears that the best results are obtained by combining different treatment approaches.
Introduction: Schizophrenia is a psychotic disease characterized by multifaceted psychopathology. To date, research has shown that it is an inherited disease and significant progress has been made in identifying genetic risk factors. Methods: This paper summarizes the current and most recent findings on the role of environmental factors, and demonstrates the continued need for more in-depth research to better understand how this type of disorder occurs. Results: Recent studies show that 15-40% of the risk that comes from environmental sources is not fully understood. Environmental factors that have been repeatedly studied and have been proven to influence the development of the disease include: obstetric complications, infections, childbirth in the winter or spring month, living in the city, severe childhood events or marijuana use. Discussion: Schizophrenia is a devastating mental illness that remains poorly understood. A full picture of how genetic and environmental risk factors affect the risk of developing schizophrenia requires an understanding of the interactions between them. It should be taken into account that for this disorder, the interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors are also not well understood and deserve further research in the future. In the case of schizophrenia, the interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors are not well understood and still require further research. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying the disease is extremely important, as it may have an impact on taking measures to prevent the development of the disorder. In addition, their discovery will help improve treatment. In conclusion, it is important to emphasize the need for further research to better understand the impact of environmental factors on the development of susceptibility to a mental disorder such as schizophrenia.
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