A microchip CE method is developed for the analysis of two oxidized forms of carbon, aldehydes and ketones, with the Mars Organic Analyzer (MOA). Fluorescent derivitization is achieved in ∼ 15 min by hydrazone formation with Cascade Blue hydrazide in 30 mM borate pH 5-6. The microchip CE separation and analysis method is optimized via separation in 30 mM borate buffer, pH 9.5, at 20°C. A carbonyl standard consisting of ten aldehydes and ketones found in extraterrestrial matter is successfully separated; the resulting LOD depends on the reactivity of the compound and range from 70 pM for formaldehyde to 2 μM for benzophenone. To explore the utility of this method for analyzing complex samples, analyses of several fermented beverages are conducted, identifying ten aldehydes and ketones ranging from 30 nM to 5 mM. A Martian regolith simulant sample, consisting of a basalt matrix spiked with soluble ions and acetone, is designed and analyzed, but acetone is found to have a limited detectable lifetime under simulant Martian conditions. This work establishes the capability of the MOA for studying aldehydes and ketones, a critical class of oxidized organic molecules of interest in planetary and in terrestrial environmental and health studies.
Building more homes and amenities in the wildland-urban interface (wui) is not a sustainable practice as it is associated with a greater risk of wildfire, social vulnerability, and ecological damage. Yet, the issue of whether or how to regulate the expansion of the wui remains contentious and largely unresolved in understanding sustainable development. There are fewer studies that explore how wildfire risks are compounded by social vulnerability of people who reside in the fire prone wui. Additionally, much of the extant research is focused on the national or regional level management of ecosystems and forest fires, with a clear lack of focus on local level dynamics. To fill these gaps, our analysis outlines the preliminary steps to identify social vulnerability, ecological damage, and wildfire risk in the wui fire hazard zones of the highest severity type. Utilizing gis mapping, wildfire risk, and census data on social vulnerability, our analysis reveals patterns of the wui expansion in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1990 to 2010 and provides policy recommendations from a sustainable development perspective to address social vulnerability, wildfire risk, and ecological concerns over the wui.
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