This paper presents a novel two-dimensional (2D) computational modeling of the retinal oxygen delivery, transport, and consumption analysis. The 2D modeling allows the division of the retina into four layers to address different flow profiles. The retina domain was meshed using the ICEM CFD mesher, while the ANSYS Fluent was used to calculate the transport phenomena for the four different layers. Clinical cases such as diabetes and sickle cell anaemia denoting the effects of decreasing retinal blood flow and hemoglobin's oxygen affinity were investigated. The simulation results showed that for a healthy retina in light and dark conditions, the outer retina is in danger of hypoxia at thickness >197.56 μm. However, the treatment of severe ischaemia using extreme hyperoxia seems beneficial for retinal thickness >197.56 μm but harmful for thickness <122.75 μm. The reduction of hemoglobin's oxygen affinity at low blood flow regimes could not improve the retina's oxygen levels. The study supports the oxygen toxicity hypothesis that hypoxia causes retina degeneration and estimates the retinal thickness and lighting conditions (dark or light) this may occur.

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Commercial accumulation of hydrocarbons occurs mostly in sedimentary rocks due to their high porosity and permeability. Increased global energy demand has necessitated the need for unconventional methods of oil production. The world is gradually moving away from reliability on conventional oils. The need to ensure global energy sustainability has necessitated an urgent diversion to unconventional oils. In recent times, hydrocarbon accumulations have been found in igneous rocks. Their low porosity and permeability however prevents commercial production as oil and gas found in these rocks will not flow. Hydraulic fracturing is useful in increasing rock porosity as it involves the breaking of rocks to allow oil and gas trapped inside to flow to producing wells. This method is useful in developing unconventional resources such as oil and gas found in igneous rocks. This research explores the prospects, challenges and way forward in the use of hydraulic fracturing to increase the porosity of igneous rock for commercial production of oil and gas.

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