Background: Moderate alcohol consumption is protective against coronary artery disease. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The effects of alcohol consumption on endothelial function may be relevant to these cardiovascular outcomes, but very few studies have examined the effect of alcohol consumption on endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery in humans.
The cardiac frequency and consumption of oxygen during submaximal exercise, lean body mass, total body potassium, thigh muscle width and an index of thigh muscle volume have been obtained for seventy-nine healthy men and women, ages 18 to 38 yrs, who were not in athletic training but accustomed to taking some exercise. For these subjects, at any specified submaximal rate of consumption of oxygen, the cardiac frequency is negatively correlated with the indices of body muscle which are themselves inter-correlated (r > 0.89). The latter relationships provide a basis for prediction of total body potassium (coefficient of variation 6f1 %).The relationship of exercise cardiac frequency to body muscle is similar in both men and women; it provides a better description of frequency than one based on consumption of oxygen alone (coefficient of variation respectively 12% and 18%). Cardiac frequency is independently related to the level of habitual activity of the subjects. The implications of these findings are discussed.Using data for young adults not in athletic training this paper examines the relationship of the cardiac frequency during submaximal exercise to indices of body muscle and shows that the two are related when allowance is also made for the consumption of oxygen. The basis for this relationship is set out below; the implications are considered in the discussion.The cardiac frequency and the cardiac output during submaximal exercise are linearly related to the consumption of oxygen; but whereas the former relationship is known to vary between subjects, the latter is relatively constant [Bevegard, Holmgren and Jonsson, 1963; Reeves, Groves, Blout and Filley, 1961]. The linearity of the two relationships implies that for an individual subject the cardiac stroke output is relatively independent of the rate of work; this is the case for exercise in both a supine and an upright posture, though for the latter the stroke output is larger during mild exercise than it is at rest [Bevegard et al., 1963]. The stroke output is the resultant of a number of factors of which one must be the muscularity of the heart. Since the cardiac output is the product of the stroke output and the frequency, the frequency at any level of cardiac output should also be related to the amount of muscle. The present study explores this relationship in groups of subjects by measuring
BACKGROUND Although inflammatory markers may be associated with risk of cardiovascular events, few data are available regarding these markers and their association with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). We sought to evaluate whether inflammatory markers were independently associated with LVH in a multiethnic population in northern Manhattan. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 660 participants without stroke, who had undergone both transthoracic echocardiography and testing for soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) 1, interleukin (IL)-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). LV mass was calculated according to an established formula. LVH was defined as LV mass greater than the 90th percentile of the participants. RESULTS The mean age was 67.4 ± 8.8 years, 35.5% were men, 61.7% were Hispanic, 19.7% were black, and 18.6% were white. In univariate analyses, hsCRP, IL-6 and sTNFR1 were significantly associated with LV mass. Multiple linear regression analyses demonstrated that sTNFR1 (P = 0.0008) was associated with LV mass after adjusting for demographic and medical risk factors, but hsCRP and IL-6 were not. When all markers were included in the same model, sTNFR1 remained significant, but hsCRP and IL-6 did not. Compared with the lowest quartile of sTNFR1, those in the highest quartile were more likely to have LVH (Odds ratio = 1.84, 95% Confidence interval, 0.97 to 3.64, P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Soluble TNFR1, but not hsCRP nor IL-6, is independently associated with increased LV mass. Chronic subclinical inflammation including the TNFR1-associated system may contribute to LVH.
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