The use of metal tubulars for umbilical eletnents has been txamined during the last several years as an alternative to thermoplastic materials, particularly for deepwater applications. Metal tubes offer potential technical, cost and reliability advantages, especially in deep water. This paper summarizes the important considerations in metal tube umbilical design, and highlights efforts to validate metal tube umbilical performance for dynamic applications. Selected results are presented ji-om design studies, dynamic analyses, fatigue tests of metal tubes and bend stl~ener design. It is concluded that, if properly engineered, metal tube umbilicals are feasible and cost-effective for subsea applications, including those used in dynamic riser con>gurationsfiom sotne jloating structures.
Major accident safety management in the E&P Industry has experienced several challenges (e.g. cost over-runs, loss of life) throughout our history. A typical strategy for risk management is goal setting: achieving tolerable risks and reducing risks to As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). However, several projects have demonstrated that in their efforts to optimize safety design features, some systems have been under-specified early in the project. The process to identify these areas of potential weakness, select appropriate increased requirements and implement design changes often results in a sub-optimal solution for effort, cost, schedule or safety performance.The strategy proposed can be applied to any type of E&P installation to manage major accident hazards. It can also be applied to other goal setting design dimensions, such as environmental performance. The approach prescribes a set of specific performance standards at the concept selection stage and ensures that these requirements are implemented.The safety measures implemented to manage major accident hazards are very seldom required to function in the facility lifetime. As such project teams may not fully understand the significant role of each major accident control measure. Input from experienced Safety Engineers was refined into a minimum specification that is sufficiently clear to be used by design engineering teams, such that these few critical systems are implemented effectively. First applications of this approach have demonstrated significantly improved levels of safety, cost, schedule and effort relative to the reliance on the optimization approach during detailed design.The design safety strategy recommended by the authors has demonstrated the opportunity to:• Speed up execution • Limit safety scope changes late in the project • Reduce project engineering efforts • Minimize safety "gold-plating" • Deliver a robust design for major accident hazards • Significantly reduce and manage the major accident risks
Installation of steel pipelines and risers by the reel-lay method has been generating increasing interest, particularly for deepwater service. Reel-lay offers the potential for reduced installation costs, where other lay methods such as J-Lay have been the mainstay. With the reduced offshore exposure duration, and a substantial portion of the fabrication being done onshore, there is also the opportunity for higher engineered quality.In addition, there are now more installation vessels with the ability to execute deepwater pipelay projects with risers to floating hosts by the reel-lay method. There are however, important technical considerations in reeled riser design and installation. The higher bending strains imposed by the reeling process require a proper assessment of the impact of reeling damage on subsequent field fatigue performance. This paper summarizes the important considerations in reeled riser design, including the validation of reeled riser performance for dynamic service. It is concluded that if properly engineered and qualified, reeled risers are feasible and cost-effective for deepwater pipeline and flowline applications, including those for dynamic service.
Major accident safety management in the E&P Industry has experienced several challenges (e.g. cost over-runs, loss of life) throughout our history. A typical strategy for risk management is goal setting: achieving tolerable risks and reducing risks to As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). However, several projects have demonstrated that in their efforts to optimize safety design features, some systems have been under-specified early in the project. The process to identify these areas of potential weakness, select appropriate increased requirements and implement design changes often results in a sub-optimal solution for effort, cost, schedule or safety performance.The strategy proposed can be applied to any type of E&P installation to manage major accident hazards. It can also be applied to other goal setting design dimensions, such as environmental performance. The approach prescribes a set of specific performance standards at the concept selection stage and ensures that these requirements are implemented.The safety measures implemented to manage major accident hazards are very seldom required to function in the facility lifetime. As such project teams may not fully understand the significant role of each major accident control measure. Input from experienced Safety Engineers was refined into a minimum specification that is sufficiently clear to be used by design engineering teams, such that these few critical systems are implemented effectively. First applications of this approach have demonstrated significantly improved levels of safety, cost, schedule and effort relative to the reliance on the optimization approach during detailed design.The design safety strategy recommended by the authors has demonstrated the opportunity to:• Speed up execution • Limit safety scope changes late in the project • Reduce project engineering efforts • Minimize safety "gold-plating" • Deliver a robust design for major accident hazards • Significantly reduce and manage the major accident risks
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