This paper examines the association between interfirm cooperation and the innovation output of startup firms in the biotechnology industry. A reciprocal association is hypothesized. The results, however, show only that cooperation affects innovation. Several control variables are related to cooperation and innovation, especially the startup's position in the cooperative network.

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The formation of a network is determined by the opposition of two forces. The first is the reproduction of network structure as a general social resource for network members. The second is the alteration of network structure by entrepreneurs for their own benefit. The idea of reproduction is a conventional one in organizational sociology but has taken on increased importance due to the work of Bourdieu and Coleman. In contrast, Burt stresses the entrepreneurship of individual agents in exploiting structural holes that lie between constrained positions. Though complementary, the theories of social capital and structural holes have fundamentally different implications for network formation. This paper investigates these theories by examining empirically the formation of the interorganizational network among biotechnology firms. We propose that network structure determines the frequency with which a new biotechnology firm (or startup) establishes new relationships. Network structure indicates both where social capital is distributed in the industry and where opportunities for entrepreneurial action are located. The reproduction of network structure depends on how startups value social capital compared to these opportunities. The critical test is, consequently, whether new relationships reproduce or alter the inherited network structure. We find strong support for the power of social capital in reproducing the network over time.

Although the resource‐based view (RBV) is one of the most popular and fruitful areas of strategy research, it often perplexes scholars from other disciplines. Also, it is unclear whether strategy scholars themselves agree on the RBV's basic issues and premises. To clarify the contribution of the RBV, in this paper we elaborate its basic tenets and relate them to other current research on interfirm performance variance. We suggest a more expansive discussion of sustained differences among firms and thereby develop a broad theory of competitive heterogeneity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.The globalization offinancial markets and the concomitant restructuring decisions of firms challenge the historical legacy of national systems of governance. German corporate ownership patterns and restructuring events in the 1990's are examined here in this light. The results show that ownership links among German firms constitute a "small world" that has consequences for understanding mergers and acquisitions. Ownership links form closely-knit clusters offirms that are nonetheless highly connected across the network as a whole. Restructuring events fall squarely in the center of this structure. Despite increasing global competition, the German small world tends to replicate itself. To illustrate this robustness, potential disruptions to the observed German network are simulated. This simulation shows that the properties of the small world remain intact even when ownership ties are changed. These findings suggest that a more global economy in Germany need not lead to the dissolution of the ownership structure, but rather may be associated with a deepening of network ties. THE internationalization of capital poses a significant challenge to national systems that structure the financing and governance of large corporations. Countries have historically developed dramatically different means of raising capital for economic enterprises. Systems of governance in a country reflect the historical bargains struck by laDirect correspondence to Bruce Kogut, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (kogut@poly. polytechnique.fr) or Gordon Walker, Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275 (gwalker@mail.cox. smu.edu). We thank Denis Byart, Juergen Beyer, Gary Herrigel, Sig Vitols, and Duncan Watts for their comments and assistance; Mervyn Tan for the software development and implementation of the simulations; Andreas Noetzel for research assistance; participants in seminars at IESE in Barcelona, Harvard Business School, INSEAD, Centre de Recherche en Gestion of the Ecole Polytechnique, Universitd Marne de Vallee, and the Winter Conference for Organization Science; and the ASR Editors and reviewers. This research was financed by the Reginald H. Jones Center.bor, the state and holders of capital regarding who gets to own and control the economic assets.These national systems are challenged by the globalization of capital and the related restructuring strategies of domestic firms., If one departs, as we do in this article, from the view that these systems are static reflections of institutional pressures or cognitive beliefs, the immediate question is how can national ownership patterns endure in the face of strategizing economic actors. The ...

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Ground-state properties of even-even nuclei in the s-d shell are calculated using relativistic mean-field models of baryon-meson dynamics that include scalar meson self couplings. Axial syrnmetry is assumed. The systematics of intrinsic quadrupole moments are studied for a variety of parameter sets that are fitted to the same nuclear matter saturation properties. The size of the moment is strongly correlated with the nucleon effective mass M* and the spin-orbit strength, but is only weakly affected by the compressibility or the surface energy. If parameter sets with accurate spin-orbit strengths are used, the trends for s-d nuclei reproduce experimental systematics and are quantitatively similar to those obtained in nonrelativistic Skyrme-Hartree-Fock calculations. The implications for quantum hadrodynamics in the mean-field (Hartree) and one-loop approximations are discussed.