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This study examines coordinated storm and triggered lightning observations made in July–August 2013 at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing to determine why triggered flashes in Florida typically transition from an upward vertical channel entering the cloud to horizontal structure near the storm's melting level. Data from a balloon‐borne electric field meter, a mobile 5 cm wavelength radar, and a small‐baseline VHF Lightning Mapping Array acquired during a period in which three flashes were triggered on 1 August confirmed the hypothesis that the transition to horizontal lightning structure just above the melting level occurred in a layer of negative charge. This experiment was the first to provide vertical profiles of the electric field in Florida storms, from which their vertical charge distribution could be inferred. Three dissipating storms observed on different days all had negative charge near the melting level, but a growing mature storm had positive charge there.

While Hurricane Harvey will best be remembered for record rainfall that led to widespread flooding in southeastern Texas and western Louisiana, the storm also produced some of the most extreme wind speeds ever to be captured by an adaptive mesonet at landfall. This paper describes the unique tools and the strategy used by the Digital Hurricane Consortium (DHC), an ad hoc group of atmospheric scientists and wind engineers, to intercept and collect high-resolution measurements of Harvey’s inner core and eyewall as it passed over Aransas Bay into mainland Texas. The DHC successfully deployed more than 25 observational assets, leading to an unprecedented view of the boundary layer and winds aloft in the eyewall of a major hurricane at landfall. Analysis of anemometric measurements and mobile radar data during heavy convection shows the kinematic structure of the hurricane at landfall and the suspected influence of circulations aloft on surface winds and extreme surface gusts. Evidence of mesoscale vortices in the interior of the eyewall is also presented. Finally, the paper reports on an atmospheric sounding in the inner eyewall that produced an exceptionally large and potentially record value of precipitable water content for observed soundings in the continental United States.