It is usually assumed that a forest canopy breaks the force with which rainfall strikes the soil, thus protecting it from erosion. To show that this is frequently untrue and that the protective value of the forest to the soil must, therefore, be due to lesser vegetation or to the layers of unincorporated organic material lying on the soil surface is the purpose of this paper.
Measurements were made of raindrop size beneath a red pine canopy and in an adjacent open field near New Haven, Connecticut during several storms in 1946 and 1947. By reference to published tables of velocities of falling water drops, the kinetic energy at the soil surface of the rain under the pine canopy and in an open field was determined. It was found that at rates of precipitation less than two inches per hour the kinetic energy of rainfall beneath the red pine canopy exceeded that of rainfall in the open.
A methodology has been developed to assist in the technical evaluation of power transmission cable system installation and operational risks and the selection of a cable design for application in deep water installation situations.The methodology involves the evaluation of eight defirned technical selection criteria that provide either (1) an index of safety associated with various technical design aspects of a "Candidate" cable, or (2) an indication of the technological difficulty to manufacture, install, repair or operate each cable "Candidate." The cable selection methodology was developed to support the needs of a specific transmission cable application in Hawaii, but the methodology should be readily adaptable to other submarine power cable projects. * Normal operating voltage = +/-150 to 600 kVdc * Daily normal load swing = 200 to 500 MW.
INTRODUCTIONThis report--one of two related volumes--presents information derived during the second year (1981)(1982) This report identifies the requirements of infrastructure and community services necessary to accommodate the development of geothermal energy on the Island of Hawaii for electricity production.
Maintenance of oxygenation is the fundamental principle underlying airway management in anaesthesia, and this is most often achieved via a supraglottic approach. However, there are times when infraglottic airway access may be required. Surgical airways in oromaxillofacial surgery may be performed as planned elective procedures or may be undertaken in an emergency, as part of an airway rescue strategy, in the ‘can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate’ (CICO) situation. Various surgical techniques may be employed depending upon the circumstances, acuity, patient pathology, equipment availability, and operator skillset. This chapter discusses the range of surgical approaches, outlining the technique, indications and contraindications, respective advantages and disadvantages, and potential complications.
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