Photocurrents of silicon pn junctions patterned with arrays of elliptical Au nanodisks were experimentally and theoretically investigated near the particle plasmon resonance wavelengths, for varying light polarizations and angles of incidence. At plasmon resonance wavelengths, overall backscattering and dissipation were strongly enhanced compared to an unpatterned junction, resulting in lower photocurrents. In contrast, enhanced photocurrents were observed for wavelengths slightly off resonance. Measurements and finite element calculations show that the photocurrent changes occur via plasmon-induced far field effects, rather than by near field enhancement close to the particles. The far field effects are strongly dependent on the particle proximity and coupling to the Si substrate.

Ten prominent dimethoxyphenols were determined in birchwood smoke from choked and open laboratory burning and in chimney smoke from a tiled stove. The structures of the methoxyphenols are similar to those of the well-known tocopherol and ubiquinol antioxidants. The 2,6-dimethoxyphenols characterising hardwood smoke are stronger antioxidants than the corresponding 2-methoxyphenols present mainly in softwood smoke. The antioxidant activity is highest for the 2,6-dimethoxyphenols with 4-alkenyl and 4-alkyl groups, which constitute 60-70% of the total amount of dimethoxyphenols. Phenolic antioxidants are scavengers of oxygen radicals and should be considered when health hazards of small-scale incomplete biomass burning are estimated.

Objective  To evaluate Swedish patients' attitudes towards e‐prescribing, including the transfer of e‐prescriptions, electronic storing of prescriptions and mail‐order prescriptions. Methods  This study was a nationwide survey of attitudes among Swedish patients and was conducted as a postal questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed for the purpose of this study and aimed to evaluate respondents' views concerning e‐prescribing, electronic storing of e‐prescriptions and mail‐order prescriptions from aspects including safety, personal benefits and effectiveness. A study population of 1500 individuals meeting the inclusion criteria was randomly selected from a database of individuals in Sweden storing prescriptions electronically (n = 5 840 599).The response rate was 52% (739/1429). Key findings  The vast majority of the respondents had a positive attitude towards e‐prescriptions (85%, 628/739) and electronic storing of prescriptions (86%, 633/739), and regarded e‐prescriptions to be safe (79%, 584/739), creating benefits for them (78%, 576/739) and promoting faster dispensing (69%, 512/739). Significant differences in attitudes towards e‐prescriptions and electronic storing of prescriptions were detected between age groups. Patients storing all their prescriptions electronically had a more positive attitude towards both e‐prescriptions and electronic storing of prescriptions compared to patients who stated they had paper prescriptions. The most common suggestion (n = 27) for improvement was to extend the information given about the services. Conclusion  Our nationwide survey showed that a vast majority of Swedish patients had positive attitudes towards e‐prescriptions and electronic storing of prescriptions. However, a need for extended information regarding e‐prescribing was identified.

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The quantitative proportions of 16 alkenes, 5 alkadienes, 5 alkynes and several alkanes and arenes were detennined in emissions from wood burning in a wood-stove and in small-scale model experiments. Samples were taken on triple-layer adsorption cartridges, and gas chromatographic separations were performed on an aluminium oxide column.Ethene, ethyne and benzene were major components, especially from efficient flame combustion. The proportions of C 3 -C 7 alkenes were markedly higher for smouldering. The carcinogenic compounds benzene and 1,3-butadiene constituted roughly 10-20% and 1-2% by weight of total non-methane hydrocarbons. Similar results were obtained for hardwood and softwood.

Softwood pellets are mainly produced from sawdust and to some extent from wood shavings. The moisture content is typically less than half of that in firewood. The present annual residential use in Sweden for pellet burners in boilers and for pellet stoves amounts to more than 100 000 tonnes and is increasing rapidly. The total annual production capacity at the more than 20 units exceeds one million tonnes, and permits continued rapid replacement of firewood and petroleum oil for residential heating.With the purpose of characterising emissions to air, chimney smoke was sampled, and specific compounds were assessed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Benzene was the predominant aromatic compound in emissions from pellet burners. The smoke from stoves contained methoxyphenols with antioxidant properties and lower proportions of aromatic hydrocarbons. Observed differences in emissions from specific burning appliances are of interest with regard to both health hazards and regulation of emissions.Consideration of ecological aspects and pollution hazards indicates that wood pellets should be used primarily for residential heating, whereas controlled large-scale combustion is preferable for most other types of biomass waste.

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