The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sourdough (indirect bread dough mixing method) on the quality of rye/wheat bread (TYPE 500 wheat flour and whole grain rye flour - 60:40) and determine its advantages over the straight dough method. Three bread dough mixing methods were used: I - indirect bread dough mixing using flour scalding; II - indirect bread dough mixing without flour scalding; III - straight dough mixing. The study involved the monitoring of the following: microbial characterristics of the flour and dough (yeasts and lactic acid bacteria) and of the bread (presence of Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts and moulds); chemical properties of the dough and the bread (pH and degree of acidity); organoleptic attributes of bread (volume, porosity according to Dallman, crumb elasticity, pore structure fineness, bread crumb score, external appearance, crumb appearance, flavour of both the crust and the crumb). The results showed the highest counts of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in the indirect bread dough mixing method using rye flour scalding. The rye/wheat bread made with sourdough had a mild sourish flavour, an intense aroma, a prolonged shelf life, and reduced crumbliness. The study suggests that the technological process of sourdough-type rye/wheat bread making is an important requirement in improving bread quality and assortment that can be used in any bakery facility.[ Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31057 i br. III 46009]
Zaštita kritične infrastrukture tema u preseku između prirodnih nesreća, politike, privatnog poslovanja, tehnologije i rizika. Projekat "Jedan pojas i jedan put" razvija veze između azijskih zemalja (Kine), preko Afrike, do Evrope, uključujući mnogobrojne luke, železničke puteve i autoputeve, brane, telekomunikacione institucije, naftne gasne cevovode, energetsku industriju i mnoge druge kompanije. Rizici koji utiču na ova preduzeća mogu biti kako eksterni (teroristi, prirodni hazardi, sajber napadi..) tako i interni (tehnološke nesreće, ljudske greške, zagađenja, bezbednost i zdravlje na radu, itd). Da bi se održali maksimalni profiti i ostvario povrat ulaganja, nove investicije zahtevaju kontinuitet, stabilnost i operativnu izvrsnost u njihovim poslovnim funkcijama. Nažalost, ugrožavanja mogu biti velikog obima i mogu imati različite izvore i motive. Venecuela i njihov sistem napajanja električnom energijom samo je poslednji primer uključivanja više aktera. Skoro sve zemlje koje su uključene u projekat "Jedan pojas i jedan put" klasifikovane su kao zemlje u razvoju, pa su njihove mogućnosti i sredstva u ograničavanju potencijalnih nesreća ograničene. U isto vreme, neke od tih zemalja su članice Evropske unije (EU), gde je zaštita kritične infrastrukture i hSE (zdravlje, bezbednost i životna sredina kao poslovne funkcije) na visokom nivou razvijenosti ili su barem strogo regulisane. Projekat "Jedan pojas i jedan put" povezuje 1 Ovaj rad deo je istraživačkog projekta III 47029, mESTD of RS.
This paper is a synthesis of long-term investigations based on the effect of different authropogenic pollutants (mineral and organic fertilizers, heavy metals, contaminated irrigation water, nitrification inhibitor and detergents) on the dynamics of soil fungi number. The investigations were performed at the Microbiology Department and trial fields of the Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak on smonitza and alluvium soils in field and under greenhouse conditions. Maize, wheat, barley and red clover were used as test plants in these studies. The quantitative composition of the fungi in the soils investigated was determined by the Čapek selective agar dilution method. The study results show that the number of soil fungi was dependent on the type and rate of agrochemicals used, on the growing season, and the soil zone the samples were taken from for the analysis. Lower nitrogen fertiliser rates (80 and 120 kg x ha-1) and organic fertilizers stimulated the development of soil fungi, unlike the rate of 150 kg x ha-1. Heavy metals, mercury and cadmium in particular, as well as high rates of the N-serve nitrification inhibitor, inhibited the development of this group of soil microorganisms. Generally, the adverse effect of contaminated irrigation water on the soil fungi was recorded in both soil types, and particularly in the smonitza under red clover. Low detergent (Meril) concentrations did not have any significant effect on this group of microorganisms. In this respect, it can be concluded that the soil fungi number dynamics can be used in monitoring soils polluted by different toxinogenic substances
Over 2003-2005 period, a study was performed on the effect of different rates of NPK fertilizer of formulation 8:16:24 + 3% MgO (N1 - 400 kg ha-1; N2 - 600 kg ha-1; N3 - 800 kg ha-1; N4 - 1000 kg ha-1) on development of the soil fungi. The trial was set up in the experimental plum orchard established by Fruit Research Institute Čačak, and the laboratory of Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agronomy Čačak. Unfertilized soil was used as the control soil. Each of the stated variants was carried out in three replications. The size of the basic plot was 68 m2. The effect of the studied mineral fertilizer rates was determined three times over the growing season, the number of fungi being checked by the indirect rarefaction method on Chapek nutritive medium. The results of the study inferred that the application of mineral fertilizers brought about the decrease in the number of fungi. Of all studied variants, the one with the highest nitrogen rate (variant N4) exhibited the strongest effect. The influence of the fertilizer was highest at the third sampling. Furthermore, the effect was highest in season 2003
The effects of increasing amounts of mineral nitrogen (90, 120, 150 kg·ha-1) liquid (80 t·ha-1) and solid manure (45 t·ha-1) those of inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum (the strain 84) on the soil proteolytic activity and corn yield grown in monoculture were surveyed over the 3-year-long research work. The research results indicated that proteolytic activity and corn yield depended highly on the fertiliser sorts, amounts and on the research year too. Over the first research year, the highest proteolytic activity was recorded on the variants with organic fertilisers, whereas the fertiliser stimulating effect markedly decreased, particularly with liquid manure over the following two years of the research. Mineral fertilisers were also found to remarkably stimulate the biological parameters we have been concerned above, particularly the mean N amount (120 kg · ha-1). While the highest corn yield could be obtained using 120 kg N · ha-1 throughout all the research years, its insignificant rise and barely altered soil proteolytic activity using corn seed inoculation with 84 Azotobacter chroococcum could be noticed
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